Uneingeschränkter Zugang

Balancing risk and social good: proactive law as a strategy in AI governance

  
02. Apr. 2025

Zitieren
COVER HERUNTERLADEN

Acemoglu, D. (2021) ‘Remaking the post-COVID world’, Finance & Development. International Monetary Fund. Available at: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2021/03/COVID-inequality-and-automation-acemoglu.htm (Accessed: 13 November 2024). Search in Google Scholar

Algorithmic Accountability Act of 2019 (2019) [Online]. H.R.2231, 116th Congress (2019–2020). Available at: https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/2231/all-info (Accessed: 13 November 2024). Search in Google Scholar

Allen, H.J. (2019) ‘Regulatory sandboxes’, The George Washington Law Review, 87(3), pp. 579–600. Available at: https://www.gwlr.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/87-Geo.-Wash.-L.-Rev.-579.pdf (Accessed: 13 November 2024). Search in Google Scholar

Andrade, A.C.C. and Solarte-Vásquez, M.C. (2024) ‘The compatibility between SDGs and the EU regulatory framework of AI’, Journal of Ethics and Legal Technologies, 6(1), pp. 11–144. Search in Google Scholar

Antonov, A. (2022) ‘Managing complexity: the EU’s contribution to artificial intelligence governance’, Revista CIDOB d’Afers Internacionals, (131), pp. 41–65. Available at: https://doi.org/10.24241/rcai.2022.131.2.41/en Search in Google Scholar

Berger-Walliser, G. (2012) ‘The past and future of proactive law: an overview of the development of the proactive law movement’, in G. Berger-Walliser and K. Østergaard (eds) Proactive law in a business environment. DJØF Publishing, pp. 13–31. Search in Google Scholar

Brown, L.M. (1956) ‘The law office—a preventive law laboratory’, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 104(7), pp. 940–953. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2307/3310432 Search in Google Scholar

Burri, T. (2022) ‘The new regulation of the European Union on artificial intelligence: fuzzy ethics diffuse into domestic law and sideline international law’, in S. Voeneky, P. Kellmeyer, O. Mueller and W. Burgard (eds) The Cambridge handbook of responsible artificial intelligence: interdisciplinary perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 104–122. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009207898.010 Search in Google Scholar

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (2024) ‘AI governance research’, 7 October. Available at: https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/carnegie-endowment-for-international-peace-ai-governance-research/ (Accessed: 16 November 2024). Search in Google Scholar

Chun, J., de Witt, C.S., and Elkins, K. (2024) ‘Comparative global AI regulation: policy perspectives from the EU, China, and the US’, ArXiv, article 2410.21279. Available at: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2410.21279 Search in Google Scholar

‘Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: The European Green Deal’, (COM/2019/640 final)’ (2019) 11 December. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/AUTO/?uri=CELEX%3A52019DC0640 (Accessed: 13 November 2024). Search in Google Scholar

Corrales Compagnucci, M., Haapio, H., and Fenwick, M. (eds) (2022) Research handbook on contract design. Edward Elgar Publishing. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839102288 Search in Google Scholar

Dignum, V. (2019) Responsible artificial intelligence: how to develop and use AI in a responsible way. Springer International Publishing. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30371-6 Search in Google Scholar

Ebers, M. (2024) ‘Truly risk-based regulation of artificial intelligence: how to implement the EU’s AI Act’, European Journal of Risk Regulation, pp. 1–20. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/err.2024.78 (Accessed: 13 November 2024). Search in Google Scholar

Ebers, M., Hoch, V.R.S., Rosenkranz, F., Ruschemeier, H., and Steinrötter, B. (2021) ‘The European Commission’s proposal for an Artificial Intelligence Act—a critical assessment by members of the Robotics and AI Law Society (RAILS)’, J, 4(4), pp. 589–603. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/j4040043 Search in Google Scholar

‘Executive order on maintaining American leadership in artificial intelligence’ (2019) The White House, 11 February. Available at: https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-maintaining-american-leadership-artificial-intelligence/ (Accessed: 13 November 2024). Search in Google Scholar

‘Executive order on the safe, secure, and trustworthy development and use of artificial intelligence’ (2023) The White House, 30 October. Available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2023/10/30/executive-order-on-the-safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-and-use-of-artificial-intelligence/ (Accessed: 13 November 2024). Search in Google Scholar

Felzmann, H., Fosch-Villaronga, E., Lutz, C. and Tamò-Larrieux, A. (2020) ‘Towards transparency by design for artificial intelligence’, Science and Engineering Ethics, 26(6), pp. 3333–3361. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-020-00276-4 Search in Google Scholar

Flückiger, A. (2016) ‘The ambiguous principle of the clarity of law’, in A. Wagner and S. Cacciaguidi-Fahy (eds) Obscurity and clarity in the law. 2nd edn. Routledge, pp. 31–46. Search in Google Scholar

Fried, B.H. (2003) ‘Ex ante/ex post’, Journal of Law and Contemporary Issues, 13, pp. 123–160. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.390462 Search in Google Scholar

Göksal, Ş.İ. and Solarte-Vásquez, M.C. (2024) ‘The blockchain-based trustworthy artificial intelligence supported by stakeholders-in-the-loop model’, Scientific Papers of the University of Pardubice, Series D: Faculty of Economics and Administration, 32(2), article 2083. Available at: https://doi.org/10.46585/sp32022083 Search in Google Scholar

Haapio, H., Barton, T.D. and Compagnucci, M.C. (2021) ‘Legal design for the common good: proactive legal care by design’, in M. Corrales Compagnucci, H. Haapio, M. Hagan and M. Doherty (eds) Legal design: integrating business, design and legal thinking with technology. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 56–81. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839107269.00011 Search in Google Scholar

Haapio, H. and Varjonen, A. (1998) ‘Quality improvement through proactive contracting: contracts are too important to be left to lawyers!’, ASQ World Conference on Quality and Improvement Proceedings, 52, pp. 243–248. Search in Google Scholar

Häuselmann, A. (2022) ‘Disciplines of AI: an overview of approaches and techniques’, in B. Custers and E. Fosch-Villaronga (eds) Law and artificial intelligence: regulating AI and applying AI in legal practice. The Hague: T.M.C Asser Press, pp. 43–70. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-523-2_3 Search in Google Scholar

High-Level Expert Group on AI (2019) Ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI. Available at: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai (Accessed: 13 November 2024). Search in Google Scholar

Hoff, K.A. and Bashir, M. (2015) ‘Trust in automation: integrating empirical evidence on factors that influence trust’, Human Factors, 57(3), pp. 407–434. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720814547570 Search in Google Scholar

König, P., Wurster, S. and Siewert, M.B. (2022) ‘Regulating for sustainable artificial intelligence: citizens’ support for policy instruments’, SSRN. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4082262 (Accessed: 13 November 2024). Search in Google Scholar

Kurzweil, R. (2024) The singularity is nearer: when we merge with AI. Random House. Search in Google Scholar

Lesnes, C. (2024) ‘California Governor Gavin Newsom vetoes AI safety bill’, Le Monde, 30 September. Available at: https://www.lemonde.fr/en/economy/article/2024/09/30/california-governor-gavin-newsom-vetoes-ai-safety-bill_6727751_19.html (Accessed: 13 November 2024). Search in Google Scholar

Madiega, T. (2024) ‘Artificial Intelligence Act’, European Parliament Briefing, European Parliament Research Service, PE 698.792. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2021/698792/EPRS_BRI(2021)698792_EN.pdf (Accessed: 13 November 2024). Search in Google Scholar

Magnusson Sjöberg, C. (2006) ‘Introduction’, in P. Wahlgren (ed) A proactive approach. Scandinavian studies in law, 49. Stockholm: Stockholm Institute for Scandinavian Law, pp. 1–7. Available at: https://www.scandinavianlaw.se/pdf/49-1.pdf (Accessed: 15 October 2024). Search in Google Scholar

Martínez-Ramil, P., Bolaños-Frasquet, H., Hamuľák, O. and Kerikmäe, T. (2023) ‘A multidimensional understanding of EU’s digital sovereignty’, in D. Ramiro Troitiño, O. Hamuľák and T. Kerikmäe (eds) Digital development of the European Union: an interdisciplinary perspective. Cham: Springer, pp. 235–247. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27312-4_15 Search in Google Scholar

Mazzucato, M., Schaake, M., Krier, S. and Entsminger, J. (2022) ‘Governing artificial intelligence in the public interest’, UCL Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose Working Paper Series, IIPP WP 2022-12. Available at: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/public-purpose/wp2022-12 (Accessed: 13 November 2024). Search in Google Scholar

Nguyen, T. (2024) ‘California governor signs bills to protect children from AI deepfake nudes’, AP News, 30 September. Available at: https://apnews.com/article/aideepfakes-children-abuse-7dcf5c566e2a297567f1e148ac2074a4 (Accessed: 13 November 2024). Search in Google Scholar

‘Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee on ‘The proactive law approach: a further step towards better regulation at EU level’ (2009), Official Journal C 175/26, 28 July. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2009:175:0026:0033:EN:PDF (Accessed: 13 November 2024). Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2009:175:0026:0033:EN:PDF (Accessed: 13 November 2024). Search in Google Scholar

Pagallo, U., Ciani Sciolla, J. and Durante, M. (2022) ‘The environmental challenges of AI in EU law: lessons learned from the Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA) with its drawbacks’, Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, 16(3), pp. 359–376. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1108/TG-07-2021-0121 (Accessed: 13 November 2024). Search in Google Scholar

Pohjonen, S. (2006) ‘Proactive law in the field of law: a proactive approach’, in P. Wahlgren (ed) A proactive approach. Scandinavian studies in law, 49. Stockholm: Stockholm Institute for Scandinavian Law, pp. 53–70. Available at: https://www.scandinavianlaw.se/pdf/49-4.pdf (Accessed: 15 December 2024). Search in Google Scholar

Prifti, K., Quintavalla, A. and Temperman, J. (2023) ‘Artificial intelligence and human rights: understanding and governing common risks and benefits’, in A. Quintavalla and J. Temperman (eds) Artificial intelligence and human rights. Oxford University Press. Search in Google Scholar

Raposo, V.L. (2022) ‘Ex machina: preliminary critical assessment of the European Draft Act on artificial intelligence’, International Journal of Law and Information Technology, 30(1), pp. 88–109. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/ijlit/eaac007 Search in Google Scholar

‘Regulation (EU) 2021/1119 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 June 2021 on establishing the Climate Law (CELEX No. 32021R1119) (2021) EUR-Lex. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/AUTO/?uri=celex:32021R1119 (Accessed: 13 November 2024). Search in Google Scholar

‘Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 on laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence and amending Regulations (EC) no. 300/2008, (EU) no. 167/2013, (EU) no. 168/2013, (EU) 2018/858, (EU) 2018/1139 and (EU) 2019/2144 and Directives 2014/90/EU, (EU) 2016/797 and (EU) 2020/1828’ (2024) Official Journal L 2024/1689, 12 July. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32024R1689 (Accessed: 13 November 2024). Search in Google Scholar

Safe and Secure Innovation for Frontier Artificial Intelligence Models Act (2023) Senate Bill 1047, 7 February. Available at: https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240SB1047#:~:text=This%20bill%20would%20enact%20the,to%20promptly%20enact%20a%20full (Accessed: 13 November 2024). Search in Google Scholar

Schartum, D.W. (2006) ‘Introduction to a government-based perspective on proactive law: a proactive approach’, in P. Wahlgren (ed) A proactive approach. Scandinavian studies in law, 49. Stockholm: Stockholm Institute for Scandinavian Law, pp. 35–51. Available at: https://www.scandinavianlaw.se/pdf/49-3.pdf (Accessed: 15 December 2024). Search in Google Scholar

Schuett, J. (2023) ‘Defining the scope of AI regulations’, Law, Innovation and Technology, 15(1), pp. 60–82. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/17579961.2023.2184135 Search in Google Scholar

Smith, N. (2024) ‘Plentiful, high-paying jobs in the age of AI’, Noahpinion, 17 March. Available at: https://www.noahpinion.blog/p/plentiful-high-paying-jobs-in-the (Accessed: 13 November 2024). Search in Google Scholar

Solarte-Vásquez, M.C. and Hietanen-Kunwald, P. (2020) ‘Transaction design standards for the operationalisation of fairness and empowerment in proactive contracting’, International and Comparative Law Review, 20(1), pp. 180–200. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2478/iclr-2020-0008 Search in Google Scholar

Tyrangiel, J. (2024) ‘I found the smartest politician on AI. It’s no one you’d expect’, The Washington Post, 20 March. Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2024/03/20/ai-europe-regulation-leading/ (Accessed: 26 November 2024). Search in Google Scholar

Wang, X. and Wu, Y.C. (2024) ‘Balancing innovation and regulation in the age of generative artificial intelligence’, Journal of Information Policy, 14. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.14.2024.0012 Search in Google Scholar

White, J.B. (2024) ‘Gavin Newsom signs election “deepfake” ban in rebuke to Elon Musk’, Politico, 17 September. Available at: https://www.politico.com/news/2024/09/17/newsom-signs-election-deepfake-ban-00179557 (Accessed: 13 November 2024). Search in Google Scholar