Changes in the Water Surface Level of the Baltic Sea from Satellite Altimetry and Gravity Missions

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Configurations of the compared satellite data

Period	Data set No. 1	Data set No. 2
01.01.2001–01.01.2021	Seasonalized SSHA	Seasonalized EWT (JPL)
01.01.2001–01.01.2021	Deseasonalized SSHA	Deseasonalized EWT (JPL)
01.01.2001–01.01.2021	Seasonalized SSHA	Seasonalized EWT (CSR)
01.01.2001–01.01.2021	Deseasonalized SSHA	Deseasonalized EWT (CSR)
01.01.1993–01.01.2018	Seasonalized SSHA	Seasonalized HRSST
01.01.1993–01.01.2018	Deseasonalized SSHA	Deseasonalized HRSST

Results of statistical analyses of sea level changes from altimetric (SSHA) and sea surface temperature (HRSST) data before removal of seasonal signals

Region	Period	Sea surface temperature rise trend (HRSST) (C°/yr)	Sea level rise trend (SSHA) (cm/yr)	Linear regression coefficient (HRSST – SSHA)	Pearson correlation coefficient (HRSST – SSHA)
Baltic Sea	1993–1998	0.29	−0.29	−0.05	0.02
	1998–2003	0.37	−0.66	−0.20	0.09
	2003–2008	0.55	2.63	0.57	0.25
	2008–2013	0.15	2.08	0.56	0.25
	2013–2018	0.22	3.58	0.23	0.09
	1993–2018	0.04	0.51	0.26	0.11
The central part of the Baltic Sea	1993–1998	0.26	0.00	0.09	0.04
	1998–2003	0.40	−0.69	0.00	0.00
	2003–2008	0.55	2.15	0.74	0.30
	2008–2013	0.11	1.61	0.80	0.33
	2013–2018	0.29	3.07	0.44	0.17
	1993–2018	0.04	0.47	0.45	0.17
Gulf of Gdańsk	1993–1998	0.26	0.03	0.05	0.02
	1998–2003	0.33	−0.29	−0.31	0.13
	2003–2008	0.58	2.66	0.72	0.32
	2008–2013	0.15	2.41	0.70	0.31
	2013–2018	0.33	3.65	0.44	0.18
	1993–2018	0.07	0.55	0.37	0.15
Gulf of Bothnia	1993–1998	0.37	−0.62	−0.15	0.06
	1998–2003	0.44	−0.66	−0.05	0.02
	2003–2008	0.51	2.85	0.57	0.23
	2008–2013	0.07	1.93	0.54	0.23
	2013–2018	1.83	3.80	0.21	0.07
	1993–2018	0.04	0.55	0.26	0.10
Gulf of Finland	1993–1998	0.40	−0.37	−0.08	0.04
	1998–2003	0.37	−0.62	−0.14	0.08
	2003–2008	0.66	2.77	0.52	0.27
	2008–2013	0.26	2.08	0.54	0.28
	2013–2018	0.11	3.47	−0.03	0.04
	1993–2018	0.07	0.51	0.20	0.10
Gulf of Riga	1993–1998	0.33	−0.26	−0.14	0.07
	1998–2003	0.40	−0.62	−0.26	0.15
	2003–2008	0.69	2.74	0.54	0.28
	2008–2013	0.18	2.37	0.49	0.25
	2013–2018	0.22	3.58	0.13	0.05
	1993–2018	0.07	0.58	0.19	0.09

Results of statistical analyses of sea level changes from altimetric (SSHA) and gravimetric (EWT) data before removal of seasonal signals

Region	Period	Sea level rise trend (cm/yr)			Linear regression coefficient		Pearson correlation coefficient
		SSHA	EWT JPL	EWT CSR	SSHA − EWT JPL	SSHA − EWT CSR	SSHA − EWT JPL	SSHA − EWT CSR
Baltic Sea	2001–2006	1.20	3.76	3.36	0.70	0.59	0.92	0.87
	2006–2011	−1.50	−0.69	−0.47	0.65	0.56	0.94	0.90
	2011–2016	0.99	1.13	−0.66	0.67	0.56	0.92	0.86
	2016–2021	1.68	1.90	1.06	0.67	0.56	0.88	0.79
	2001–2021	0.62	0.95	0.33	0.72	0.55	0.92	0.86
The central part of the Baltic Sea	2001–2006	1.20	4.49	3.39	0.76	0.62	0.89	0.83
	2006–2011	−1.93	−1.13	−0.58	0.64	0.58	0.89	0.86
	2011–2016	1.64	0.62	−0.58	0.73	0.58	0.89	0.82
	2016–2021	1.50	1.57	0.95	0.67	0.56	0.83	0.73
	2001–2021	0.58	0.84	0.29	0.72	0.56	0.88	0.81
Gulf of Gdańsk	2001–2006	1.02	2.48	1.57	0.54	0.35	0.85	0.73
	2006–2011	−1.53	−1.10	−0.95	0.59	0.38	0.91	0.83
	2011–2016	1.10	0.33	−1.10	0.55	0.38	0.87	0.73
	2016–2021	1.13	0.77	0.37	0.55	0.42	0.85	0.74
	2001–2021	0.62	0.51	−0.18	0.57	0.32	0.89	0.67
Gulf of Bothnia	2001–2006	1.50	3.94	4.49	0.67	0.63	0.92	0.89
	2006–2011	−1.53	−2.92	−0.37	0.65	0.60	0.94	0.89
	2011–2016	0.99	1.06	−0.11	0.67	0.58	0.93	0.88
	2016–2021	1.75	2.01	1.68	0.67	0.60	0.88	0.80
	2001–2021	0.62	1.13	0.58	0.73	0.61	0.90	0.88
Gulf of Finland	2001–2006	1.17	5.66	7.01	0.94	1.01	0.91	0.85
	2006–2011	−1.57	−0.58	1.06	0.76	0.68	0.92	0.81
	2011–2016	1.39	0.51	−0.99	0.76	0.56	0.89	0.75
	2016–2021	2.15	1.93	2.12	0.63	0.56	0.83	0.74
	2001–2021	0.62	1.02	0.91	0.81	0.72	0.90	0.81
Gulf of Riga	2001–2006	1.24	4.05	2.30	0.74	0.46	0.90	0.80
	2006–2011	−1.50	−0.29	−0.62	0.65	0.46	0.91	0.87
	2011–2016	1.35	0.77	−0.55	0.53	0.32	0.87	0.81
	2016–2021	1.93	1.57	0.88	0.52	0.35	0.82	0.68
	2001–2021	0.62	0.95	−0.03	0.64	0.35	0.87	0.74

Results of statistical analyses of sea level changes from altimetric (SSHA) and gravimetric (EWT) data after removal of seasonal signals

Region	Period	Sea level rise trend (cm/yr)			Linear regression coefficient		Pearson correlation coefficient
		SSHA	EWT JPL	EWT CSR	SSHA – EWT JPL	SSHA – EWT CSR	SSHA – EWT JPL	SSHA – EWT CSR
Baltic Sea	2001–2006	0.80	3.25	2.88	0.70	0.62	0.92	0.91
	2006–2011	−1.90	−0.84	−0.62	0.65	0.55	0.96	0.94
	2011–2016	0.58	0.40	−1.13	0.63	0.48	0.91	0.84
	2016–2021	1.31	1.24	0.69	0.63	0.50	0.87	0.82
	2001–2021	0.58	0.91	0.29	0.71	0.51	0.91	0.89
The central part of the Baltic Sea	2001–2006	0.80	39.06	2.85	0.80	0.67	0.89	0.87
	2006–2011	−2.34	−1.24	−0.73	0.67	0.59	0.94	0.93
	2011–2016	1.24	0.22	−1.10	0.67	0.50	0.91	0.84
	2016–2021	1.10	1.24	0.55	0.67	0.53	0.85	0.81
	2001–2021	0.55	0.80	0.29	0.72	0.54	0.90	0.87
Gulf of Gdańsk	2001–2006	0.66	2.08	1.20	0.57	0.37	0.85	0.81
	2006–2011	−1.90	−1.28	−1.06	0.59	0.38	0.90	0.87
	2011–2016	0.77	−0.07	−1.46	0.49	0.33	0.84	0.69
	2016–2021	0.80	0.40	0.07	0.54	0.39	0.86	0.77
	2001–2021	0.58	0.51	−0.18	0.56	0.29	0.88	0.68
Gulf of Bothnia	2001–2006	1.10	3.39	3.94	0.66	0.65	0.91	0.91
	2006–2011	−1.93	−0.44	−0.58	0.64	0.56	0.95	0.92
	2011–2016	0.58	0.66	−0.69	0.61	0.48	0.90	0.86
	2016–2021	1.35	1.57	1.24	0.62	0.52	0.87	0.82
	2001–2021	0.58	1.10	0.58	0.71	0.56	0.89	0.89
Gulf of Finland	2001–2006	0.77	4.89	6.35	0.90	1.03	0.88	0.81
	2006–2011	−1.97	−0.80	0.84	0.74	0.66	0.92	0.81
	2011–2016	0.99	−0.04	−1.50	0.69	0.51	0.81	0.68
	2016–2021	1.75	1.39	1.61	0.60	0.55	0.78	0.71
	2001–2021	0.62	1.02	0.91	0.78	0.71	0.87	0.79
Gulf of Riga	2001–2006	0.84	3.50	1.86	0.72	0.44	0.87	0.85
	2006–2011	−1.90	−0.47	−0.84	0.64	0.41	0.91	0.91
	2011–2016	0.91	0.33	−0.99	0.46	0.23	0.81	0.71
	2016–2021	1.53	1.17	0.44	0.50	0.30	0.83	0.77
	2001–2021	0.58	0.95	−0.04	0.62	0.28	0.85	0.74

Results of statistical analyses of sea level changes from altimetric (SSHA) and sea surface temperature (HRSST) data after removal of seasonal signals

Region	Period	Sea surface temperature rise trend (HRSST) (C°/yr)	Sea level rise trend (SSHA) (cm/yr)	Linear regression coefficient (HRSST – SSHA)	Pearson correlation coefficient (HRSST – SSHA)
Baltic Sea	1993–1998	0.04	0.51	2.40	0.16
	1998–2003	0.07	−0.69	−0.65	0.05
	2003–2008	0.11	−1.06	4.02	0.33
	2008–2013	0.29	2.26	5.18	0.35
	2013–2018	−0.11	1.68	1.84	0.10
	1993–2018	0.04	0.51	3.55	0.26
The central part of the Baltic Sea	1993–1998	0.01	−0.40	1.97	0.15
	1998–2003	0.15	−1.10	−1.25	0.10
	2003–2008	0.33	1.75	3.05	0.26
	2008–2013	−0.15	1.20	2.95	0.21
	2013–2018	0.04	2.66	2.98	0.17
	1993–2018	0.04	0.47	2.60	0.20
Gulf of Gdańsk	1993–1998	0.01	−0.33	3.59	0.30
	1998–2003	0.07	−0.66	0.20	0.02
	2003–2008	0.33	2.30	3.87	0.38
	2008–2013	−0.11	2.04	2.91	0.23
	2013–2018	0.07	3.29	3.25	0.21
	1993–2018	0.04	0.55	3.69	0.31
Gulf of Bothnia	1993–1998	0.11	−1.06	0.21	0.01
	1998–2003	0.22	−1.06	0.14	0.01
	2003–2008	0.26	2.45	2.77	0.22
	2008–2013	−0.18	1.53	4.56	0.30
	2013–2018	−0.07	3.36	1.49	0.09
	1993–2018	0.03	0.51	2.39	0.17
Gulf of Finland	1993–1998	0.15	−0.77	2.66	0.23
	1998–2003	0.07	−1.02	0.92	0.10
	2003–2008	0.37	2.37	3.69	0.40
	2008–2013	−0.03	1.68	4.21	0.42
	2013–2018	−0.18	3.07	−0.21	0.02
	1993–2018	0.07	0.51	2.90	0.29
Gulf of Riga	1993–1998	0.04	−0.69	2.14	0.18
	1998–2003	0.11	−1.02	−0.01	0.01
	2003–2008	0.44	2.34	4.00	0.48
	2008–2013	−0.11	1.97	3.42	0.33
	2013–2018	−0.07	3.18	2.35	0.16
	1993–2018	0.07	0.55	3.16	0.30