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Are facial, maxillary arch and incisor dimensions related in patients with a unilaterally impacted palatal canine? A prospective investigation

Lamis K. Koshak
Lamis K. Koshak
, 
Declan T. Millett
Declan T. Millett
, 
Niamh Kelly
Niamh Kelly
, 
Grant T. McIntyre
Grant T. McIntyre
 und 
Michael S. Cronin
Michael S. Cronin
   | 28. März 2022
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Article Category: research-article
Online veröffentlicht: 28. März 2022
Seitenbereich: 120 - 129
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aoj-2022-0014
© 2022 Lamis K. Koshak et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

(A) Facial landmarks and (B) facial ratio showing face height measured from hairline to soft tissue chin, and face width measured from left to right zygion.
(A) Facial landmarks and (B) facial ratio showing face height measured from hairline to soft tissue chin, and face width measured from left to right zygion.

Figure 2.

Tooth ratio. ab = crown height; cd = crown width.
Tooth ratio. ab = crown height; cd = crown width.

3D distances and angles.

3D distancesDefinition3D anglesDefinition
Eye distanceDistance between exR-exLMid-face angleAngle between exR-pg-exL
Nose widthDistance between alR-alLFace convexityAngle between s-sn-pg
Basal widthDistance between acR-acLNose prominenceAngle between n-pr-sn
Total face heightDistance between n-pgPhiltrum depthAngle between prn-sn-ls
Lower face heightDistance between ls-pg
Mid- face heightDistance between ls- mid

Prevalence of facial soft-tissue, maxillary arch and incisor shapes.

Unilateral palatal canine [n, (%)]Control [n, (%)]P-value
Facial shape
 Tapered22 (41)12 (22)
 Square22 (41)29 (54)
 Ovoid10 (19)13 (24)0.1383
Maxillary arch shape
 Tapered19 (35)11 (20)
 Square7 (13)5 (9)
 Ovoid28 (52)38 (70)0.1492
 UL1
 Square/tapered4 (7)4 (7)
 Square50 (93)50 (93)
 Square/round--
 Ovoid--1.0000
UR1
 Square/tapered3 (6)3 (6)
 Square51 (94)50 (93)
 Square/round-1 (2)
 Ovoid--1.0000
UL2
 Square/tapered14 (26)11 (20)
 Square6 (11)8 (15)
 Square/round25 (46)27 (50)
 Ovoid9 (17)8 (15)0.8553
UR2
 Square/tapered8 (15)10 (19)
 Square7 (13)7 (13)
 Square/round32 (59)33 (61)
 Ovoid7 (13)4 (7)0.8189

Facial soft-tissue, maxillary arch and incisor dimensions for the unilateral palatal canine and control groups.

unilaterally palatal canine groupControl groupMean difference, 95% CIP-value
Facial morphology
 Eyes Distance
  Mean, SD (mm)87.13 (3.23)87.29 (4.25)-0.17 (-1.61, 1.27)0.6645
 Nose Width
  Mean, SD (mm)31.61 (2.18)31.89 (2.51)-0.28 (-1.18, 0.62)0.5314
 Basal Width
  Mean, SD (mm)18.91 (1.47)20.57 (2.57)-1.66 (-2.46, -0.87)< 0.0001*
 Total Face Height
  Mean, SD (mm)103.12 (6.42)103.21 (6.35)-0.09 (-2.53, 2.35)0.7701
 Lower Face Height
  Mean, SD (mm)39.55 (3.98)40.42 (4.61)-0.86 (-2.51, 0.78)0.1724
 Midface Height
  Mean, SD (mm)56.66 (3.53)55.69 (3.92)0.97 (-0.46, 2.39)0.1776
 Midface Angle
  Mean, SD (mm)49.04 (2.63)48.91 (2.59)0.13 (-0.87, 1.12)0.6987
 Face Convexity
  Mean, SD (mm)163.01 (4.86)162.70 (5.35)0.31 (-1.64, 2.26)0.7509
 Nose Prominence
  Mean, SD (mm)101.91 (5.65)103.08 (5.63)-1.16 (-3.31, 0.99)0.3758
 Philtrum Depth
  Mean, SD (mm)131.96 (9.15)131.04 (8.30)0.92 (-2.41, 4.25)0.5240
 Face Ratio
  Mean, SD1.45 (0.19)1.46 (0.08)-0.01 (-0.06, 0.05)0.5409
Maxillary arch morphology
 Intercanine width
  Mean, SD (mm)30.46 (3.32)31.89 (3.36)-1.44 (-2.71, -0.17)0.0186
 Intermolar width
  Mean, SD (mm)48.27 (3.41)49.04 (3.83)-0.77 (-2.15, 0.61)0.2876
 Palatal Depth
  Mean, SD (mm)14.19 (2.25)13.79 (2.33)0.40 (-0.48, 1.27)0.4705
 Palatal Area
  Mean, SD (mm2)16.43 (2.53)16.56 (2.58)-0.13 (-1.11, 0.84)0.4566
Incisor morphology
 Anterior Bolton ratio
  Mean, SD79.46 (6.07)76.59 (4.60)2.87 (0.82, 4.93)0.0070**
 UL1 ratio
  Mean, SD1.93 (0.26)1.93 (0.26)0.00 (-0.10, 0.10)0.9459
 UR1 ratio
  Mean, SD1.94 (0.23)1.96 (0.27)-0.02 (-0.11, 0.08)0.7879
 UL2 ratio
  Mean, SD2.54 (1.06)2.59 (0.98)-0.06 (-0.45, 0.33)0.7761
 UR2 ratio
  Mean, SD2.70 (0.88)2.57 (0.88)0.13 (-0.21, 0.47)0.3494

Correlations and P values.

Variable 1Variable 2Correlation co-efficientP value
Eyes distanceIntercanine width0.020.8196
Nose widthIntercanine width0.130.3531
Basal widthIntercanine width0.040.7812
Total face heightIntercanine width-0.090.3534
Lower face heightIntercanine width-0.020.8557
Mid-face heightIntercanine width-0.060.5110
Mid-face angleIntercanine width0.050.5726
Face convexityIntercanine width-0.100.3166
Nose prominenceIntercanine width0.080.4022
Philtrum depthIntercanine width-0.000.9707
Eyes distanceIntermolar width0.080.3852
Nose widthIntermolar width0.110.2427
Basal widthIntermolar width0.150.1275
Total face heightIntermolar width0.040.7185
Lower face heightIntermolar width0.140.1627
Mid-face heightIntermolar width-0.030.7855
Mid-face angleIntermolar width-0.010.8873
Face convexityIntermolar width-0.050.5992
Nose prominenceIntermolar width0.130.1781
Philtrum depthIntermolar width0.020.8416
Basal widthAnterior Bolton ratio-0.120.2006

Facial Landmarks.

Landmark nameDefinition
Midpoint between the eyes (mid)The halfway distance between exocanthion left and right
Soft tissue nasion (n)Point in the midline of both the nasal root and nasofrontal suture
Exocanthion right (exR)Outer most point on commissure of right eye fissure
Exocanthion left (exL)Outer most point on commissure of left eye fissure
Pronasale (prn)Most protruded point of apex nasi
Subnasale (sn)Midpoint of angle where lower nasal septum and lips meet
Alare right (alR)Most lateral point of the right alar contour
Alare left (alL)Most lateral point of the left alar contour
Alar curvature Right (acR)Most lateral point in the curved base line of right alar base
Alar curvature Left (acL)Most lateral point in the curved base line of left alar base
Labiale superioris (ls)Midpoint on upper vermilion border
Pogonion (pg)Most anterior midpoint on chin

Inclusion/exclusion criteria.

Inclusion criteriaExclusion criteria
Male > 11 years and female > 10 years Caucasian subjectsNon-Caucasian subjects or those with cleft lip and palate or craniofacial syndromes
Unilateral palatal canine confirmed clinically and radiographicallyBuccal, line of arch or bilateral buccal or palatally impacted maxillary canines
Maxillary first permanent molars fully erupted with unrestored mesial proximal surfacesOne or both maxillary first permanent molars extracted or with a restored mesial surface
Unrestored proximal surfaces of the six maxillary anterior teethRestored or carious proximal surface(s) of any of the six maxillary anterior tooth
Fractured or damaged study models

Sample characteristics.

Unilateral palatal canine groupControl group
Age (mean, SD)14.5 (1.7)14.3 (2.2)
Gender (n)5454
Malocclusion (n)
 Class I2424
 Class II/188
 Class II/21717
 Class III55
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