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The impact of financial repression on manufacturing upgrade based on fractional Fourier transform and probability

Na Zhao
Na Zhao
, 
Fengge Yao
Fengge Yao
, 
Alaa Omar Khadidos
Alaa Omar Khadidos
 und 
Bishr Muhamed Muwafak
Bishr Muhamed Muwafak
   | 22. Nov. 2021
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Online veröffentlicht: 22. Nov. 2021
Seitenbereich: 383 - 394
Eingereicht: 17. Juni 2021
Akzeptiert: 24. Sept. 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/amns.2021.2.00060
Schlüsselwörter
© 2021 Na Zhao et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1

CO-OFDM system block diagram. FFT, fast Fourier transform.
CO-OFDM system block diagram. FFT, fast Fourier transform.

Fig. 2

FRFT and FT reduction PAPR comparison diagram based on SLM algorithm. FT, Fourier transform; FRFT, fractional Fourier transform; SLM, selective mapping.
FRFT and FT reduction PAPR comparison diagram based on SLM algorithm. FT, Fourier transform; FRFT, fractional Fourier transform; SLM, selective mapping.

Fig. 3

OFDM optical domain signal power comparison diagram.
OFDM optical domain signal power comparison diagram.

Fig. 4

Comparison of FRFT and FFT reduced PAPR with different twiddle factors under the SLM algorithm. FFT, fast Fourier transform; FRFT, fractional Fourier transform; SLM, selective mapping.
Comparison of FRFT and FFT reduced PAPR with different twiddle factors under the SLM algorithm. FFT, fast Fourier transform; FRFT, fractional Fourier transform; SLM, selective mapping.

Fig. 5

FRFT and FFT reduce the PAPR comparison chart based on the limiting algorithm. FFT, fast Fourier transform; FRFT, fractional Fourier transform.
FRFT and FFT reduce the PAPR comparison chart based on the limiting algorithm. FFT, fast Fourier transform; FRFT, fractional Fourier transform.

Fig. 6

OFDM optical domain signal power comparison diagram.
OFDM optical domain signal power comparison diagram.

Fig. 7

Comparison of bit error rate between FRFT and FFT based on the limiting algorithm. FFT, fast Fourier transform; FRFT, fractional Fourier transform.
Comparison of bit error rate between FRFT and FFT based on the limiting algorithm. FFT, fast Fourier transform; FRFT, fractional Fourier transform.

Fig. 8

Comparison of PAPR suppression with the original algorithm after raising the limit threshold in the case of FRFT. FRFT, fractional Fourier transform.
Comparison of PAPR suppression with the original algorithm after raising the limit threshold in the case of FRFT. FRFT, fractional Fourier transform.

Fig. 9

Comparison of the bit error rate of the original algorithm PAPR after increasing the limit threshold in the case of FRFT. FRFT, fractional Fourier transform.
Comparison of the bit error rate of the original algorithm PAPR after increasing the limit threshold in the case of FRFT. FRFT, fractional Fourier transform.

Regression results of samples by ownership type.

Explained variable: proportion of informal financial financing Is there a foreign capital component Whether it is a foreign company Is there any state-owned content
fdi ≠ 0 fid = 0 fdi > 25% fdi ≤ 25% state > 0 state = 0
Financial repression 1.089 (0.75) 1.290 (3.56) 0.138 (0.10) 1.331 (3.66) 2.040 (0.89) 1.438 (3.51)
Enterprise size 0.144 (0.13) −0.103 (−0.39) 0.181 (0.15) −0.103 (−0.39) 0.122 (0.17) −0.045 (−0.19)
Enterprise growth rate 6.351 (2.06) 2.551 (2.81) 8.428 (2.29) 2.496 (2.78) −1.781 (−0.48) 3.202 (3.66)
Natural logarithm of business age 0.441 (0.39) −0.445 (−2.54) 0.098 (0.06) −0.437 (−2.56) 0.938 (0.99) −0.454 (−2.62)
Average years of education of employees −0.747 (−0.96) −0.650 (−4.24) −0.643 (−0.81) −0.651 (−4.27) −1.149 (−1.58) −0.674 (−4.91)
Constant term 5.055 (0.05) 47.791 (4.73) 34.407 (0.40) 47.177 (4.46) 86.840 (1.08) 39.579 (3.20)
N 124 1443 111 1451 74 1493
Adjusted R2 0.126 0.051 0.164 0.051 0.228 0.050

Regression results of samples divided by size.

Explained variable: Informal financial financing ratio index Commercial credit Informal private lending
Small Medium Large Small Medium Large
Financial repression 1.591 (1.03) 0.926 (1.44) 1.509 (3.67) 0.576 (1.68) 0.227 (1.02) 0.160 (1.15)
Percentage of foreign private, private and institutional shareholding −0.047 (−1.97) 0.022 (0.83) 0.015 (0.60) −0.001 (−0.12) −0.006 (−1.86) 0.005 (0.73)
The proportion of government shares −0.029 (−4.86) −0.022 (−4.37) −0.027 (−3.45) −0.010 (−1.48) −0.007 (−2.87) −0.004 (−1.97)
Enterprise size −0.072 (−0.10) 0.021 (0.08) −0.063 (−0.16) 0.042 (0.06) −0.080 (−1.02) −0.058 (−0.78)
Enterprise growth rate 4.302 (1.65) 2.246 (1.58) 1.836 (1.23) 0.828 (0.74) 0.514 (0.92) 0.521 (1.51)
Natural logarithm of business age −0.268 (−0.85) −0.643 (−2.67) 0.092 (0.65) −0.031 (−0.27) −0.218 (−2.12) −0.099 (−1.26)
Average years of education of employees −0.116 (−0.31) −0.148 (−0.60) −0.924 (−5.04) −0.248 (−0.89) −0.261 (−2.02) −0.181 (−2.03)
Constant term 84.816 (2.16) 41.169 (2.21) 13.055 (0.53) 7.382 (0.34) 19.201 (1.75) 11.921 (2.64)
N 207 642 718 207 639 717
R2 0.097 0.065 0.051 0.055 0.056 0.034
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