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The Role of Glomerular and Serum Expression of Lymphocyte Activating Factors BAFF and APRIL in Patient with Membranous and IgA Nephropathies

Barbara Moszczuk

Barbara Moszczuk

  • Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
  • Department of Transplantology, Immunology, Nephrology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
  • ProMix Center (ProteogenOmix in Medicine), Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
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Moszczuk, Barbara
, 
Krzysztof Mucha

Krzysztof Mucha

  • Department of Transplantology, Immunology, Nephrology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
  • ProMix Center (ProteogenOmix in Medicine), Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
  • Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of SciencesWarsaw, Poland
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Mucha, Krzysztof
, 
Róża Kucharczyk

Róża Kucharczyk

Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of SciencesWarsaw, Poland
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Kucharczyk, Róża
 und 
Radosław Zagożdżon

Radosław Zagożdżon

  • ProMix Center (ProteogenOmix in Medicine), Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
  • Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of SciencesWarsaw, Poland
  • Laboratory of Cellular and Genetic Therapies, Center for Preclinical Research, Medical University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
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Zagożdżon, Radosław
  
05. Juni 2025
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Artikel-Kategorie: Review
Online veröffentlicht: 05. Juni 2025
Eingereicht: 31. Dez. 2024
Akzeptiert: 15. Apr. 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aite-2025-0018
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© 2025 Barbara Moszczuk et al., published by Sciendo
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Fig 1.

The overall view on the roles of BAFF and APRIL in B lymphocyte life-cycle. APRIL, A PRoliferation-Inducing Ligand; BAFF, B-cell-activating factor; BAFF-R, BAFF receptor; BCMA, B-cell maturation antigen; BCR, B-cell receptor; TACI, Transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor.
The overall view on the roles of BAFF and APRIL in B lymphocyte life-cycle. APRIL, A PRoliferation-Inducing Ligand; BAFF, B-cell-activating factor; BAFF-R, BAFF receptor; BCMA, B-cell maturation antigen; BCR, B-cell receptor; TACI, Transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor.

Fig 2.

The expression of B-cell activation receptors and molecules reported in various studies. Underlined data come from mRNA analysis. *Identified both by mRNA and immunohistochemistry analysis (Zheng et al. 2015; Han et al. 2018; Cao et al. 2020; Forero-Delgadillo et al. 2022; Marín-Rosales et al. 2022). Both immunohistochemistry staining and mRNA expression were used in independent research, which probably influence incoherent results. APRIL, A PRoliferation-Inducing Ligand; BAFF, B-cell-activating factor; BAFF-R, BAFF receptor; BCMA, B-cell maturation antigen; TACI, Transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor.
The expression of B-cell activation receptors and molecules reported in various studies. Underlined data come from mRNA analysis. *Identified both by mRNA and immunohistochemistry analysis (Zheng et al. 2015; Han et al. 2018; Cao et al. 2020; Forero-Delgadillo et al. 2022; Marín-Rosales et al. 2022). Both immunohistochemistry staining and mRNA expression were used in independent research, which probably influence incoherent results. APRIL, A PRoliferation-Inducing Ligand; BAFF, B-cell-activating factor; BAFF-R, BAFF receptor; BCMA, B-cell maturation antigen; TACI, Transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor.

Biological agents targeting BAFF and APRIL

Name Target Mode of action Potential application Research phase References
Belimumab Soluble BAFF Monoclonal antibody Approved in SLE, trials in PLA2R + MN Phase 2 NCT03949855 Huang et al. (2022)
Blisibimod Soluble BAFF Peptibody SLE No ongoing trials Chan et al. (2023)
Tabalumab Soluble and membrane-bound BAFF Human monoclonal antibody SLE No ongoing trials Chan et al. (2023)
Ianalumab BAFF-R on B cells Monoclonal antibody SS, SLE

Phase 3 in SLE:

NCT06711887

NCT06133972

Phase 3 in SS:

NCT05985915

 Bowman et al. (2022)
Atacicept BAFF and APRIL Fusion protein (TACI receptor + Ig fragment) SLE, IgAN

Phase 3 in IgA:

NCT04716231

Phase 2 in IgA:

NCT06674577

 Lafayette et al. (2024)
Telitacicept BAFF and APRIL Fusion protein TACI-Fc IgAN, MN SLE

Phase 2 in MN:

NCT06614985

Phase 3 in SLE:

NCT06456567

 Cai et al. (2023) and Zhang et al. (2023)
Sibeprenlimab APRIL Humanized IgG2 monoclonal antibody IgAN

Phase 2 in IgA:

NCT06740526

 Mathur et al. (2024)
BION-1301 (Zigakibart) APRIL Monoclonal antibody IgAN

Phase 3 in IgA:

NCT06858319

NCT05852938

 Barratt et al. (2023)

Recruiting trials involving BAFF-CAR-T cells in autoimmune conditions

Trial and CAR-T type Condition Location Trial number
Phase I/II open-label, interventional single-arm trial of MB-CART19.1 Refractory SLE Germany NCT06189157
Phase I/II, interventional, 4SCAR-T Autoimmune diseases China NCT05459870
Early Phase I, interventional, CD19-BAFF CAR-T SLE, systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, immune nephritis, neuromyelitis optica China NCT06279923
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Medizin, Vorklinische Medizin, Grundlagenmedizin, Biochemie, Immunologie, Klinische Medizin, Klinische Medizin, andere, Klinische Chemie
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