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Immunomodulatory Effect of the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) Vaccine on the In Vitro Interferon Response Induced by Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Antigens

Magdalena Jurczak

Magdalena Jurczak

  • Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of LodzLodz, Poland
  • The Bio-Med-Chem Doctoral School of the University of Lodz and Lodz Institutes of the Polish Academy of SciencesLodz, Poland
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Jurczak, Magdalena
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Joanna Kaczmarek

Joanna Kaczmarek

Regional Specialized Hospital of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and Rehabilitation in LodzLodz, Poland
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Kaczmarek, Joanna
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Magdalena Kowalewska-Pietrzak

Magdalena Kowalewska-Pietrzak

Regional Specialized Hospital of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and Rehabilitation in LodzLodz, Poland
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Kowalewska-Pietrzak, Magdalena
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Magdalena Druszczynska

Magdalena Druszczynska

Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of LodzLodz, Poland
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Druszczynska, Magdalena
  
18. März 2025
Immunomodulatory Effect of the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) Vaccine on the In Vitro Interferon Response Induced by Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Antigens's Cover Image
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Artikel-Kategorie: Original
Online veröffentlicht: 18. März 2025
Eingereicht: 21. Okt. 2024
Akzeptiert: 29. Jan. 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aite-2025-0007
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© 2025 Magdalena Jurczak et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig 1.

The serum level of IFN-α (A), IFN-β (B), and IFN-γ (C) in the study groups. Differences in the levels of IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-γ concentrations between the studied groups were compared using the nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis two-way ANOVA with Dunn’s post-test. A p-value was considered significant if <0.05. A result of > 0.05 was not statistically significant. IFN, interferon; RSV(−) SARS-CoV-2(−), group seronegative for RSV and SARS-CoV-2; RSV(+) SARS-CoV-2(+), group seropositive for RSV and SARS-CoV-2; RSV(+), group seropositive for RSV infection; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; SARS-CoV-2(+), group seropositive for SARS-CoV-2; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
The serum level of IFN-α (A), IFN-β (B), and IFN-γ (C) in the study groups. Differences in the levels of IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-γ concentrations between the studied groups were compared using the nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis two-way ANOVA with Dunn’s post-test. A p-value was considered significant if <0.05. A result of > 0.05 was not statistically significant. IFN, interferon; RSV(−) SARS-CoV-2(−), group seronegative for RSV and SARS-CoV-2; RSV(+) SARS-CoV-2(+), group seropositive for RSV and SARS-CoV-2; RSV(+), group seropositive for RSV infection; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; SARS-CoV-2(+), group seropositive for SARS-CoV-2; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

Fig 2.

Levels of IFN-α (A), IFN-β (B), and IFN-γ (C) in cell culture supernatants across study groups. The values depicted in the graphs represent the differences in cytokine levels between the stimulated and unstimulated cultures. The value on the y-axis is the delta value relative to the unstimulated control sample. Differences in the levels of IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-γ concentrations between the studied groups were compared using the non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis two-way ANOVA with Dunn’s post-test. A p-value was considered significant if <0.05. BCG, bacillus Calmette–Guérin; IFN, interferon; RSV(−) SARS-CoV-2(−), group seronegative for RSV and SARS-CoV-2; RSV(+) SARS-CoV-2(+), group seropositive for RSV and SARS-CoV-2; RSV(+), group seropositive for RSV infection; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; SARS-CoV-2(+), group seropositive for SARS-CoV-2; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
Levels of IFN-α (A), IFN-β (B), and IFN-γ (C) in cell culture supernatants across study groups. The values depicted in the graphs represent the differences in cytokine levels between the stimulated and unstimulated cultures. The value on the y-axis is the delta value relative to the unstimulated control sample. Differences in the levels of IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-γ concentrations between the studied groups were compared using the non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis two-way ANOVA with Dunn’s post-test. A p-value was considered significant if <0.05. BCG, bacillus Calmette–Guérin; IFN, interferon; RSV(−) SARS-CoV-2(−), group seronegative for RSV and SARS-CoV-2; RSV(+) SARS-CoV-2(+), group seropositive for RSV and SARS-CoV-2; RSV(+), group seropositive for RSV infection; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; SARS-CoV-2(+), group seropositive for SARS-CoV-2; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

Fig 3.

Differential expression of IFN-A5 mRNA (A), IFN-β mRNA (B), and IFN-γ mRNA (C) in co-stimulated cultures with BCG and viral antigens among study groups. The values depicted in the graphs represent the differences in cytokine levels between the stimulated and unstimulated cultures. The value on the y-axis is the fold change from the unstimulated control. Differences in the levels of IFN-γ concentrations between the studied groups were compared using the nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis two-way ANOVA with Dunn’s post-test. A p-value was considered significant if <0.05. BCG, bacillus Calmette–Guérin; IFN, interferon; IFNA5, interferon-alpha 5; RSV(+), group seropositive for RSV infection; RSV(+)SARS-CoV-2(+), group seropositive for RSV and SARS-CoV-2; RSV(−)SARS-CoV-2(−), group seronegative for RSV and SARS-CoV-2; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; SARS-CoV-2(+), group seropositive for SARS-CoV-2; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
Differential expression of IFN-A5 mRNA (A), IFN-β mRNA (B), and IFN-γ mRNA (C) in co-stimulated cultures with BCG and viral antigens among study groups. The values depicted in the graphs represent the differences in cytokine levels between the stimulated and unstimulated cultures. The value on the y-axis is the fold change from the unstimulated control. Differences in the levels of IFN-γ concentrations between the studied groups were compared using the nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis two-way ANOVA with Dunn’s post-test. A p-value was considered significant if <0.05. BCG, bacillus Calmette–Guérin; IFN, interferon; IFNA5, interferon-alpha 5; RSV(+), group seropositive for RSV infection; RSV(+)SARS-CoV-2(+), group seropositive for RSV and SARS-CoV-2; RSV(−)SARS-CoV-2(−), group seronegative for RSV and SARS-CoV-2; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; SARS-CoV-2(+), group seropositive for SARS-CoV-2; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

Fig 4.

Correlation between mRNA expression and IFNs level in co-stimulated cultures with BCG and viral antigens among study groups. The correlation between mRNA expression and IFN level was analyzed using the Spearman’s correlation test. BCG, bacillus Calmette–Guérin; IFN, interferon; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. IFN-α mRNA expression in whole blood cultures stimulated with antigens: A-BCG, B-SARS-CoV-2, C-RSV, D-BCG+SARS-CoV-2, E-BCG+RSV. IFN-β mRNA expression in whole blood cultures stimulated with antigens: F-BCG, G-SARS-CoV-2, H-RSV, I-BCG+SARS-CoV-2, JBCG+RSV. IFN-γ mRNA expression in whole blood cultures stimulated with antigens: K-BCG, L-SARS-CoV-2, M-RSV, N-BCG+SARS-CoV-2, O-BCG+RSV.
Correlation between mRNA expression and IFNs level in co-stimulated cultures with BCG and viral antigens among study groups. The correlation between mRNA expression and IFN level was analyzed using the Spearman’s correlation test. BCG, bacillus Calmette–Guérin; IFN, interferon; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. IFN-α mRNA expression in whole blood cultures stimulated with antigens: A-BCG, B-SARS-CoV-2, C-RSV, D-BCG+SARS-CoV-2, E-BCG+RSV. IFN-β mRNA expression in whole blood cultures stimulated with antigens: F-BCG, G-SARS-CoV-2, H-RSV, I-BCG+SARS-CoV-2, JBCG+RSV. IFN-γ mRNA expression in whole blood cultures stimulated with antigens: K-BCG, L-SARS-CoV-2, M-RSV, N-BCG+SARS-CoV-2, O-BCG+RSV.

The characteristics of the groups of the study

Parameter Groups
RSV(+) SARS-CoV-2(+) RSV(+) SARS-CoV-2(+) RSV(−) SARS-CoV-2 (−)
N 14 17 11 6
Sex M/F 6/8 12/5 5/6 2/4
Ethnicity Caucasian Caucasian Caucasian Caucasian
Age median 9 9 8 8
Age range 7–12 6–12 7–12 7–12
BCG vaccination 100% 100% 100% 100%
Leukocytes (tys/μL) 8.27 7.55 8.64 9.42
Erythrocytes (mln/μL) 4.75 4.83 4.81 5.26
Hemoglobin (g/dL) 13.29 12.76 13.52 13.43
Hematocrit (%) 39.00 38.93 39.50 39.15
MCV (fl) 82.21 77.76 82.36 74.50
MCH (pg) 28.00 28.04 28.18 25.50
MCHC (g/dL) 34.06 50.62 34.21 34.17
Platelets (tys/μL) 306.29 304.71 333.18 424.83
RDW-SD (fl) 38.82 36.04 38.90 37.02
RDW-CV (%) 13.16 12.18 13.15 14.03
PDW (fl) 11.57 12.46 11.41 10.22
MPV (fl) 10.06 10.15 10.04 9.25
P-LCR (%) 25.64 25.98 25.47 19.40
PCT (%) 0.34 0.32 0.35 0.40
Neutrophils (%) 49.23 45.74 51.69 52.48
Lymphocytes (%) 35.66 35.96 34.43 33.68
Monocytes (%) 9.45 8.63 8.65 6.82
Eosinophils (%) 5.18 7.79 4.75 5.30
Basophils (%) 0.36 0.55 0.35 0.58
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