A patient infected with SARS-Cov-2 presents with DIHS syndrome induced by olanzapine: diagnostic difficulties

[1] Kutlu Ö, Metin A. A case of exacerbation of psoriasis after oseltamivir and hydroxychloroquine in a patient with COVID-19: Will cases of psoriasis increase after COVID-19 pandemic? Dermatol Ther. 2020;33:e13383. KutluÖ MetinA A case of exacerbation of psoriasis after oseltamivir and hydroxychloroquine in a patient with COVID-19: Will cases of psoriasis increase after COVID-19 pandemic? Dermatol Ther 2020 33 e13383 Search in Google Scholar

[2] Shiohara T, Iijima M, Ikezawa Z, Hashimoto K. The diagnosis of a DRESS syndrome has been sufficiently established on the basis of typical clinical features and viral reactivations. Br J Dermatol. 2007;156:1083–1084. ShioharaT IijimaM IkezawaZ HashimotoK The diagnosis of a DRESS syndrome has been sufficiently established on the basis of typical clinical features and viral reactivations Br J Dermatol 2007 156 1083 1084 Search in Google Scholar

[3] Navarro-Bielsa A, Abadías-Granado I, Morales-Callaghan AM, Suso-Estívalez C, Povar-Echeverría M, Rello L, Gilaberte Y. Experience with Cutaneous Manifestations in COVID-19 Patients during the Pandemic. J Clin Med. 2022;11:600. Navarro-BielsaA Abadías-GranadoI Morales-CallaghanAM Suso-EstívalezC Povar-EcheverríaM RelloL GilaberteY Experience with Cutaneous Manifestations in COVID-19 Patients during the Pandemic J Clin Med 2022 11 600 Search in Google Scholar

[4] Vittorio CC, Muglia JJ. Anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155:2285–2290. VittorioCC MugliaJJ Anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome Arch Intern Med 1995 155 2285 2290 Search in Google Scholar

[5] Kardaun SH, Sekula P, Valeyrie-Allanore L, Liss Y, Chu CY, Creamer D, Sidoroff A, Naldi L, Mockenhaupt M, Roujeau JC; RegiSCAR study group. Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS): an original multisystem adverse drug reaction. Results from the prospective RegiSCAR study. Br J Dermatol. 2013;169:1071–1080. KardaunSH SekulaP Valeyrie-AllanoreL LissY ChuCY CreamerD SidoroffA NaldiL MockenhauptM RoujeauJC RegiSCAR study group Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS): an original multisystem adverse drug reaction. Results from the prospective RegiSCAR study Br J Dermatol 2013 169 1071 1080 Search in Google Scholar

[6] Korem M, Hiller N, Ackerman Z, Chajek-Shaul T, Abramowitz Y. Spleen rupture secondary to anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome. Eur J Intern Med. 2006;17:517–9. KoremM HillerN AckermanZ Chajek-ShaulT AbramowitzY Spleen rupture secondary to anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome Eur J Intern Med 2006 17 517 9 Search in Google Scholar

[7] Raghavan R, Shawar S. Mechanisms of Drug-Induced Interstitial Nephritis. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2017;24:64–71. RaghavanR ShawarS Mechanisms of Drug-Induced Interstitial Nephritis Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2017 24 64 71 Search in Google Scholar

[8] Um SJ, Lee SK, Kim YH, Kim KH, Son CH, Roh MS, Lee MK. Clinical features of drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome in 38 patients. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2010;20:556–562. UmSJ LeeSK KimYH KimKH SonCH RohMS LeeMK Clinical features of drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome in 38 patients J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2010 20 556 562 Search in Google Scholar

[9] Wolfson AR, Zhou L, Li Y, Phadke NA, Chow OA, Blumenthal KG. Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) Syndrome Identified in the Electronic Health Record Allergy Module. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2019;7:633–640. WolfsonAR ZhouL LiY PhadkeNA ChowOA BlumenthalKG Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) Syndrome Identified in the Electronic Health Record Allergy Module J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2019 7 633 640 Search in Google Scholar

[10] Chaiken BH, Goldberg BI, Segal JP. Dilantin Sensitivity. N Engl J Med. 1950;242:897–898. ChaikenBH GoldbergBI SegalJP Dilantin Sensitivity N Engl J Med 1950 242 897 898 Search in Google Scholar

[11] Criado PR, Criado RF, Avancini JM, Santi CG. Drug reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) / Drug-induced Hypersensitivity Syndrome (DIHS): a review of current concepts. An Bras Dermatol. 2012;87:435–349. CriadoPR CriadoRF AvanciniJM SantiCG Drug reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) / Drug-induced Hypersensitivity Syndrome (DIHS): a review of current concepts An Bras Dermatol 2012 87 435 349 Search in Google Scholar

[12] E L omairi N, Abourazzak S, Chaouki S, Atmani S, Hida M. Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptom (DRESS) induced by carbamazepine: a case report and literature review. Pan Afr Med J. 2014;18:19. E L omairiN AbourazzakS ChaoukiS AtmaniS HidaM Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptom (DRESS) induced by carbamazepine: a case report and literature review Pan Afr Med J 2014 18 19 Search in Google Scholar

[13] Hou YJ, Okuda K, Edwards CE, Martinez DR, Asakura T, Dinnon KH 3rd, Kato T, Lee RE, Yount BL, Mascenik TM, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Reverse Genetics Reveals a Variable Infection Gradient in the Respiratory Tract. Cell. 2020;182:429–446. HouYJ OkudaK EdwardsCE MartinezDR AsakuraT DinnonKH3rd KatoT LeeRE YountBL MascenikTM SARS-CoV-2 Reverse Genetics Reveals a Variable Infection Gradient in the Respiratory Tract Cell 2020 182 429 446 Search in Google Scholar

[14] Hu B, Guo H, Zhou P, Shi ZL. Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021;19:141–154. HuB GuoH ZhouP ShiZL Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Nat Rev Microbiol 2021 19 141 154 Search in Google Scholar

[15] Alfirevic A, Pirmohamed M. Drug induced hypersensitivity and the HLA Complex. Pharmaceuticals. 2010; 23:69–90. AlfirevicA PirmohamedM Drug induced hypersensitivity and the HLA Complex Pharmaceuticals 2010 23 69 90 Search in Google Scholar

[16] Pinto Gouveia M, Gameiro A, Coutinho I, Pereira N, Cardoso JC, Gonçalo M. Overlap between maculopapular exanthema and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms among cutaneous adverse drug reactions in a dermatology ward. Br J Dermatol. 2016;175:1274–1283. Pinto GouveiaM GameiroA CoutinhoI PereiraN CardosoJC GonçaloM Overlap between maculopapular exanthema and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms among cutaneous adverse drug reactions in a dermatology ward Br J Dermatol 2016 175 1274 1283 Search in Google Scholar

[17] Bakhtiari S, Sehatpour M, Mortazavi H, Bakhshi M. Orofacial manifestations of adverse drug reactions: a review study. Clujul Med. 2018;91:27–36. BakhtiariS SehatpourM MortazaviH BakhshiM Orofacial manifestations of adverse drug reactions: a review study Clujul Med 2018 91 27 36 Search in Google Scholar

[18] Gowani F, Gehrs B, Scordino T. Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome: A clinical, radiologic, and histologic mimic of lymphoma. Case Rep Hematol. 2018;21:7037352. GowaniF GehrsB ScordinoT Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome: A clinical, radiologic, and histologic mimic of lymphoma Case Rep Hematol 2018 21 7037352 Search in Google Scholar

[19] Lee SH, Kim MH, Lee K, Jo EJ, Park HK. Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Caused by Cephalosporins With Identical R1 Side Chains. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2015;7:518–522. LeeSH KimMH LeeK JoEJ ParkHK Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Caused by Cephalosporins With Identical R1 Side Chains Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2015 7 518 522 Search in Google Scholar

[20] Hiransuthikul A, Rattananupong T, Klaewsongkram J, Rerknimitr P, Pongprutthipan M, Ruxrungtham K. Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome/drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DIHS/DRESS): 11 years retrospective study in Thailand. Allergol Int. 2016;65:432–438. HiransuthikulA RattananupongT KlaewsongkramJ RerknimitrP PongprutthipanM RuxrungthamK Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome/drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DIHS/DRESS): 11 years retrospective study in Thailand Allergol Int 2016 65 432 438 Search in Google Scholar

[21] Hung SI, Chung WH, Jee SH, Chen WC, Chang YT, Lee WR, Hu SL, Wu MT, Chen GS, Wong TW, et al. Genetic susceptibility to carbamazepine-induced cutaneous adverse drug reactions. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2006;16:297–306. HungSI ChungWH JeeSH ChenWC ChangYT LeeWR HuSL WuMT ChenGS WongTW Genetic susceptibility to carbamazepine-induced cutaneous adverse drug reactions Pharmacogenet Genomics 2006 16 297 306 Search in Google Scholar

[22] McCormack M, Alfirevic A, Bourgeois S, Farrell JJ, Kasperavičiūtė D, Carrington M, Sills GJ, Marson T, Jia X, de Bakker PI, et al. HLA-A*3101 and carbamazepine-induced hypersensitivity reactions in Europeans. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1134–1143. McCormackM AlfirevicA BourgeoisS FarrellJJ KasperavičiūtėD CarringtonM SillsGJ MarsonT JiaX de BakkerPI HLA-A*3101 and carbamazepine-induced hypersensitivity reactions in Europeans N Engl J Med 2011 364 1134 1143 Search in Google Scholar

[23] Mizukawa Y, Hirahara K, Kano Y, Shiohara T. Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome/drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms severity score: A useful tool for assessing disease severity and predicting fatal cytomegalovirus disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80:670–678. MizukawaY HiraharaK KanoY ShioharaT Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome/drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms severity score: A useful tool for assessing disease severity and predicting fatal cytomegalovirus disease J Am Acad Dermatol 2019 80 670 678 Search in Google Scholar

[24] Muto Y, Kuse N, Inomata M, Awano N, Tone M, Takada K, Fujimoto K, Bae Y, Kumasaka T, Izumo T. Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome caused by minodronic acid hydrate. BMC Pulm Med. 2021;21:350. MutoY KuseN InomataM AwanoN ToneM TakadaK FujimotoK BaeY KumasakaT IzumoT Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome caused by minodronic acid hydrate BMC Pulm Med 2021 21 350 Search in Google Scholar

[25] Sharifzadeh S, Mohammadpour AH, Tavanaee A, Elyasi S. Antibacterial antibiotic-induced drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome: a literature review. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2021;77:275–289. SharifzadehS MohammadpourAH TavanaeeA ElyasiS Antibacterial antibiotic-induced drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome: a literature review Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2021 77 275 289 Search in Google Scholar

[26] Perera V, Gross AS, Polasek TM, Qin Y, Rao G, Forrest A, Xu J, McLachlan AJ. Considering CYP1A2 phenotype and genotype for optimizing the dose of olanzapine in the management of schizophrenia. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2013;9:1115–1137. PereraV GrossAS PolasekTM QinY RaoG ForrestA XuJ McLachlanAJ Considering CYP1A2 phenotype and genotype for optimizing the dose of olanzapine in the management of schizophrenia Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013 9 1115 1137 Search in Google Scholar

[27] Lee T, Lee YS, Yoon SY, Kim S, Bae YJ, Kwon HS, Cho YS, Moon HB, Kim TB. Characteristics of liver injury in drug-induced systemic hypersensitivity reactions. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69:407–415. LeeT LeeYS YoonSY KimS BaeYJ KwonHS ChoYS MoonHB KimTB Characteristics of liver injury in drug-induced systemic hypersensitivity reactions J Am Acad Dermatol 2013 69 407 415 Search in Google Scholar

[28] Seishima M, Yamanaka S, Fujisawa T, Tohyama M, Hashimoto K. Reactivation of human herpesvirus (HHV) family members other than HHV-6 in drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome. Br J Dermatol. 2006;155:344–349. SeishimaM YamanakaS FujisawaT TohyamaM HashimotoK Reactivation of human herpesvirus (HHV) family members other than HHV-6 in drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome Br J Dermatol 2006 155 344 349 Search in Google Scholar

[29] Stirton H, Shear NH, Dodiuk-Gad RP. Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DReSS)/Drug-Induced Hypersensitivity Syndrome (DiHS)-Readdressing the DReSS. Biomedicines. 2022;10:999. StirtonH ShearNH Dodiuk-GadRP Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DReSS)/Drug-Induced Hypersensitivity Syndrome (DiHS)-Readdressing the DReSS Biomedicines 2022 10 999 Search in Google Scholar

[30] Sharma A, Saito Y, Hung SI, Naisbitt D, Uetrecht J, Bussiere J. The skin as a metabolic and immune-competent organ: Implications for drug-induced skin rash. J Immunotoxicol. 2019;16:1–12. SharmaA SaitoY HungSI NaisbittD UetrechtJ BussiereJ The skin as a metabolic and immune-competent organ: Implications for drug-induced skin rash J Immunotoxicol 2019 16 1 12 Search in Google Scholar

[31] Fleming P, Marik PE. The DRESS syndrome: the great clinical mimicker. Pharmacotherapy. 2011;31:332. FlemingP MarikPE The DRESS syndrome: the great clinical mimicker Pharmacotherapy 2011 31 332 Search in Google Scholar

[32] Kardaun SH, Sidoroff A, Valeyrie-Allanore L, Halevy S, Davidovici BB, Mockenhaupt M, Roujeau JC. Variability in the clinical pattern of cutaneous side-effects of drugs with systemic symptoms: does a DRESS syndrome really exist? Br J Dermatol. 2007;156:609–611. KardaunSH SidoroffA Valeyrie-AllanoreL HalevyS DavidoviciBB MockenhauptM RoujeauJC Variability in the clinical pattern of cutaneous side-effects of drugs with systemic symptoms: does a DRESS syndrome really exist? Br J Dermatol 2007 156 609 611 Search in Google Scholar

[33] Mallal S, Phillips E, Carosi G, Molina JM, Workman C, Tomazic J, Jägel-Guedes E, Rugina S, Kozyrev O, Cid JF, et al. PREDICT-1 Study Team. HLA-B*5701 screening for hypersensitivity to abacavir. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:568–579. MallalS PhillipsE CarosiG MolinaJM WorkmanC TomazicJ Jägel-GuedesE RuginaS KozyrevO CidJF PREDICT-1 Study Team HLA-B*5701 screening for hypersensitivity to abacavir N Engl J Med 2008 358 568 579 Search in Google Scholar

[34] Shiohara T, Mizukawa Y. Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DiHS)/drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS): An update in 2019. Allergol Int. 2019;68:301–308. ShioharaT MizukawaY Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DiHS)/drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS): An update in 2019 Allergol Int 2019 68 301 308 Search in Google Scholar

[35] Pichler WJ, Tilch J. The lymphocyte transformation test in the diagnosis of drug hypersensitivity. Allergy. 2004;59:809–20. PichlerWJ TilchJ The lymphocyte transformation test in the diagnosis of drug hypersensitivity Allergy 2004 59 809 20 Search in Google Scholar

[36] Hama N, Abe R, Gibson A, Phillips EJ. Drug-Induced Hypersensitivity Syndrome (DIHS)/Drug Reaction With Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS): Clinical Features and Pathogenesis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022;10:1155–1167. HamaN AbeR GibsonA PhillipsEJ Drug-Induced Hypersensitivity Syndrome (DIHS)/Drug Reaction With Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS): Clinical Features and Pathogenesis J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2022 10 1155 1167 Search in Google Scholar

[37] Moling O, Tappeiner L, Piccin A, Pagani E, Rossi P, Rimenti G, Vedovelli C, Mian P. Treatment of DIHS/DRESS syndrome with combined N-acetylcysteine, prednisone and valganciclovir--a hypothesis. Med Sci Monit. 2012;18:57–62. MolingO TappeinerL PiccinA PaganiE RossiP RimentiG VedovelliC MianP Treatment of DIHS/DRESS syndrome with combined N-acetylcysteine, prednisone and valganciclovir--a hypothesis Med Sci Monit 2012 18 57 62 Search in Google Scholar

[38] Dolja VV, Koonin EV. Metagenomics reshapes the concepts of RNA virus evolution by revealing extensive horizontal virus transfer. Virus Res. 2018;244:36–52. DoljaVV KooninEV Metagenomics reshapes the concepts of RNA virus evolution by revealing extensive horizontal virus transfer Virus Res 2018 244 36 52 Search in Google Scholar

[39] Eurosurveillance editorial team. Note from the editors: World Health Organization declares novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) sixth public health emergency of international concern. Euro Surveill. 2020;25:200131. Eurosurveillance editorial team Note from the editors: World Health Organization declares novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) sixth public health emergency of international concern Euro Surveill 2020 25 200131 Search in Google Scholar

[40] Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, Schiergens TS, Herrler G, Wu NH, Nitsche A, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell. 2020;181:271–280. HoffmannM Kleine-WeberH SchroederS KrügerN HerrlerT ErichsenS SchiergensTS HerrlerG WuNH NitscheA SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor Cell 2020 181 271 280 Search in Google Scholar

[41] Zhao W, Li H, Li J, Xu B, Xu J. The mechanism of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in patients with COVID-19. J Med Virol. 2022;94:1886–1892. ZhaoW LiH LiJ XuB XuJ The mechanism of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in patients with COVID-19 J Med Virol 2022 94 1886 1892 Search in Google Scholar

[42] Sungnak W, Huang N, Bécavin C, Berg M, Queen R, Litvinukova M, Talavera-López C, Maatz H, Reichart D, Sampaziotis F, et al. HCA Lung Biological Network. SARS-CoV-2 entry factors are highly expressed in nasal epithelial cells together with innate immune genes. Nat Med. 2020;26:681–687. SungnakW HuangN BécavinC BergM QueenR LitvinukovaM Talavera-LópezC MaatzH ReichartD SampaziotisF HCA Lung Biological Network. SARS-CoV-2 entry factors are highly expressed in nasal epithelial cells together with innate immune genes Nat Med 2020 26 681 687 Search in Google Scholar

[43] Lindner D, Fitzek A, Bräuninger H, Aleshcheva G, Edler C, Meissner K, Scherschel K, Kirchhof P, Escher F, Schultheiss HP, et al. Association of Cardiac Infection With SARS-CoV-2 in Confirmed COVID-19 Autopsy Cases. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5:1281–1285. LindnerD FitzekA BräuningerH AleshchevaG EdlerC MeissnerK ScherschelK KirchhofP EscherF SchultheissHP Association of Cardiac Infection With SARS-CoV-2 in Confirmed COVID-19 Autopsy Cases JAMA Cardiol 2020 5 1281 1285 Search in Google Scholar

[44] Wang J, Zheng Y, Chen Y, Hu X, Peng M, Fang Y, Shen B, Lu G. Laboratory indicators in COVID-19 and other pneumonias: Analysis for differential diagnosis and comparison of dynamic changes during 400-day follow-up. Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 2021;19:2497–2507. WangJ ZhengY ChenY HuX PengM FangY ShenB LuG Laboratory indicators in COVID-19 and other pneumonias: Analysis for differential diagnosis and comparison of dynamic changes during 400-day follow-up Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021 19 2497 2507 Search in Google Scholar

[45] Zou X, Chen K, Zou J, Han P, Hao J, Han Z. Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection. Front Med. 2020;14:185–192. ZouX ChenK ZouJ HanP HaoJ HanZ Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection Front Med 2020 14 185 192 Search in Google Scholar

[46] Chen J, Lau YF, Lamirande EW, Paddock CD, Bartlett JH, Zaki SR, Subbarao K. Cellular immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection in senescent BALB/c mice: CD4⁺ T cells are important in control of SARS-CoV infection. J Virol. 2010;84:1289–1301. ChenJ LauYF LamirandeEW PaddockCD BartlettJH ZakiSR SubbaraoK Cellular immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection in senescent BALB/c mice: CD4⁺ T cells are important in control of SARS-CoV infection J Virol 2010 84 1289 1301 Search in Google Scholar

[47] Mazzoni A, Salvati L, Maggi L, Capone M, Vanni A, Spinicci M, Mencarini J, Caporale R, Peruzzi B, Antonelli A, et al. Impaired immune cell cytotoxicity in severe COVID-19 is IL-6 dependent. J Clin Invest. 2020;130:4694–4703. MazzoniA SalvatiL MaggiL CaponeM VanniA SpinicciM MencariniJ CaporaleR PeruzziB AntonelliA Impaired immune cell cytotoxicity in severe COVID-19 is IL-6 dependent J Clin Invest 2020 130 4694 4703 Search in Google Scholar

[48] Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, Liu L, Shan H, Lei CL, Hui DSC, et al. China Medical Treatment Expert Group for Covid-19. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:1708–1720. GuanWJ NiZY HuY LiangWH OuCQ HeJX LiuL ShanH LeiCL HuiDSC China Medical Treatment Expert Group for Covid-19. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China N Engl J Med 2020 382 1708 1720 Search in Google Scholar

[49] Chousterman BG, Swirski FK, Weber GF. Cytokine storm and sepsis disease pathogenesis. Semin Immunopathol. 2017;39:517–528. ChoustermanBG SwirskiFK WeberGF Cytokine storm and sepsis disease pathogenesis Semin Immunopathol 2017 39 517 528 Search in Google Scholar

[50] Ito A, Ishida T, Nakanishi Y, Kobe H, Tokioka F. Eosinopenia is associated with adverse outcomes after COVID-19 infection: A perspective from Japan. Respirology. 2023;28:677–680. ItoA IshidaT NakanishiY KobeH TokiokaF Eosinopenia is associated with adverse outcomes after COVID-19 infection: A perspective from Japan Respirology 2023 28 677 680 Search in Google Scholar

[51] Xie G, Ding F, Han L, Yin D, Lu H, Zhang M. The role of peripheral blood eosinophil counts in COVID-19 patients. Allergy. 2021;76:471–482. XieG DingF HanL YinD LuH ZhangM The role of peripheral blood eosinophil counts in COVID-19 patients Allergy 2021 76 471 482 Search in Google Scholar

[52] Chen G, Wu D, Guo W, Cao Y, Huang D, Wang H, Wang T, Zhang X, Chen H, Yu H, et al. Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019. J Clin Invest. 2020;130:2620–2629. ChenG WuD GuoW CaoY HuangD WangH WangT ZhangX ChenH YuH Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019 J Clin Invest 2020 130 2620 2629 Search in Google Scholar

[53] Birhanu A, Ayana GM, Merga BT, Alemu A, Negash B, Seid A, Dessie Y. Incidence and predictors of organ failure among COVID-19 hospitalized adult patients in Eastern Ethiopia. Hospital-based retrospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. 2022;22:412. BirhanuA AyanaGM MergaBT AlemuA NegashB SeidA DessieY Incidence and predictors of organ failure among COVID-19 hospitalized adult patients in Eastern Ethiopia. Hospital-based retrospective cohort study BMC Infect Dis 2022 22 412 Search in Google Scholar

[54] Yao XH, Li TY, He ZC, Ping YF, Liu HW, Yu SC, Mou HM, Wang LH, Zhang HR, Fu WJ, et al. A pathological report of three COVID-19 cases by minimal invasive autopsies. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi. 2020;49:411–417. YaoXH LiTY HeZC PingYF LiuHW YuSC MouHM WangLH ZhangHR FuWJ A pathological report of three COVID-19 cases by minimal invasive autopsies Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi 2020 49 411 417 Search in Google Scholar

[55] Jamshidi P, Hajikhani B, Mirsaeidi M, Vahidnezhad H, Dadashi M, Nasiri MJ. Skin Manifestations in COVID-19 Patients: Are They Indicators for Disease Severity? A Systematic Review. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:634208. JamshidiP HajikhaniB MirsaeidiM VahidnezhadH DadashiM NasiriMJ Skin Manifestations in COVID-19 Patients: Are They Indicators for Disease Severity? A Systematic Review Front Med (Lausanne) 2021 8 634208 Search in Google Scholar

[56] Wu JT, Leung K, Leung GM. Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: a modelling study. Lancet. 2020;395:689–697. WuJT LeungK LeungGM Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: a modelling study Lancet 2020 395 689 697 Search in Google Scholar

[57] Sueki H, Sasaki M, Kamiyama T, Ohtoshi S, Watanabe H, Nakada T. Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome/drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms with histologic features mimicking cutaneous pseudolymphoma. J Dermatol. 2014;41:856–857. SuekiH SasakiM KamiyamaT OhtoshiS WatanabeH NakadaT Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome/drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms with histologic features mimicking cutaneous pseudolymphoma J Dermatol 2014 41 856 857 Search in Google Scholar

[58] Herman A, Matthews M, Mairlot M, Nobile L, Fameree L, Jacquet LM, Baeck M. Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome in a patient with COVID-19. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020;34:768–700. HermanA MatthewsM MairlotM NobileL FamereeL JacquetLM BaeckM Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome in a patient with COVID-19 J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020 34 768 700 Search in Google Scholar

[59] Tohyama M, Hashimoto K, Yasukawa M, Kimura H, Horikawa T, Nakajima K, Urano Y, Matsumoto K, Iijima M, Shear NH. Association of human herpesvirus 6 reactivation with the flaring and severity of drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157:934–40. TohyamaM HashimotoK YasukawaM KimuraH HorikawaT NakajimaK UranoY MatsumotoK IijimaM ShearNH Association of human herpesvirus 6 reactivation with the flaring and severity of drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome Br J Dermatol 2007 157 934 40 Search in Google Scholar

[60] Kano Y, Hiraharas K, Sakuma K, Shiohara T. Several herpesviruses can reactivate in a severe drug-induced multiorgan reaction in the same sequential order as in graft-versus-host disease. Br J Dermatol. 2006;155:301–306. KanoY HiraharasK SakumaK ShioharaT Several herpesviruses can reactivate in a severe drug-induced multiorgan reaction in the same sequential order as in graft-versus-host disease Br J Dermatol 2006 155 301 306 Search in Google Scholar

[61] Thomas K, Saadabadi A. Olanzapine. PubMed. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022. ThomasK SaadabadiA Olanzapine. PubMed Treasure Island (FL) StatPearls Publishing 2022 Search in Google Scholar

[62] Li W, Moore MJ, Vasilieva N, Sui J, Wong SK, Berne MA, Somasundaran M, Sullivan JL, Luzuriaga K, Greenough TC, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature. 2003;426:450–454. LiW MooreMJ VasilievaN SuiJ WongSK BerneMA SomasundaranM SullivanJL LuzuriagaK GreenoughTC Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus Nature 2003 426 450 454 Search in Google Scholar

[63] Czerwensky F, Leucht S, Steimer W. CYP1A2*1D and *1F polymorphisms have a significant impact on olanzapine serum concentrations. Ther Drug Monit. 2015;37:152–160. CzerwenskyF LeuchtS SteimerW CYP1A2*1D and *1F polymorphisms have a significant impact on olanzapine serum concentrations Ther Drug Monit 2015 37 152 160 Search in Google Scholar

[64] Cruz VB, Júnior LFFF, Kobal CR, da Silva NA. Does sensitization by SARS-CoV-2 immune complexes trigger DRESS syndrome? Braz J Infect Dis. 2022;26:102337. CruzVB JúniorLFFF KobalCR da SilvaNA Does sensitization by SARS-CoV-2 immune complexes trigger DRESS syndrome? Braz J Infect Dis 2022 26 102337 Search in Google Scholar

[65] Ramirez GA, Della-Torre E, Tresoldi M, Scarpellini P, Ciceri F, Dagna L, Yacoub MR. Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) in patients with COVID-19. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021;27:1190–1192. RamirezGA Della-TorreE TresoldiM ScarpelliniP CiceriF DagnaL YacoubMR Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) in patients with COVID-19 Clin Microbiol Infect 2021 27 1190 1192 Search in Google Scholar