Encephalitozoon spp. as a potential human pathogen

[1] Capella-Gutierrez S, Marcet-Houben M, Gabaldón T. Phylogenomics supports microsporidia as the earliest diverging clade of sequenced fungi. BMC Biol. 2012; 10: 47. Capella-GutierrezS Marcet-HoubenM GabaldónT Phylogenomics supports microsporidia as the earliest diverging clade of sequenced fungi BMC Biol 2012 10 47 10.1186/1741-7007-10-47358695222651672 Search in Google Scholar

[2] Lee SC, Corradi N, Byrnes EJ 3rd, Torres-Martinez S, Dietrich FS, Keeling PJ, Heitman J. Microsporidia evolved from ancestral sexual fungi. Curr Biol, 2008; 18: 1675–1679. LeeSC CorradiN ByrnesEJ3rd Torres-MartinezS DietrichFS KeelingPJ HeitmanJ Microsporidia evolved from ancestral sexual fungi Curr Biol 2008 18 1675 1679 10.1016/j.cub.2008.09.030265460618976912 Search in Google Scholar

[3] Weiss LM, Vossbrinck CR. Microsporidiosis: Molecular and diagnostic aspects. Adv Parasitol. 1998; 40: 351–395. WeissLM VossbrinckCR Microsporidiosis: Molecular and diagnostic aspects Adv Parasitol 1998 40 351 395 10.1016/S0065-308X(08)60127-X9554079 Search in Google Scholar

[4] Corsaro D, Walochnik J, Venditti D, Steinmann J, Muller KD, Michel R. Microsporidia-like parasites of amoebae belong to the early fungal lineage Rozellomycota. Parasitol Res. 2014; 113: 1909–1918. CorsaroD WalochnikJ VendittiD SteinmannJ MullerKD MichelR Microsporidia-like parasites of amoebae belong to the early fungal lineage Rozellomycota Parasitol Res 2014 113 1909 1918 10.1007/s00436-014-3838-424652444 Search in Google Scholar

[5] Keeling PJ, Burki F, Wilcox HM, Allam B, Allen EE, Amaral-Zettler LA, Armbrust EV, Archibald JM, Bharti AK, Bell CJ, et al. The Marine Microbial Eukaryote Transcriptome Sequencing Project (MMETSP): Illuminating the functional diversity of Eukaryotic life in the oceans through transcriptome sequencing, PLoS Biol, 2014; 12: e1001889. KeelingPJ BurkiF WilcoxHM AllamB AllenEE Amaral-ZettlerLA ArmbrustEV ArchibaldJM BhartiAK BellCJ The Marine Microbial Eukaryote Transcriptome Sequencing Project (MMETSP): Illuminating the functional diversity of Eukaryotic life in the oceans through transcriptome sequencing PLoS Biol 2014 12 e1001889 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001889406898724959919 Search in Google Scholar

[6] Weiss LM, Becnel JJ. Microsporidia: Pathogens of Oppportunity. Wiley-Blackwell; Oxford 2014. WeissLM BecnelJJ Microsporidia: Pathogens of Oppportunity Wiley-Blackwell Oxford 2014 10.1002/9781118395264 Search in Google Scholar

[7] Becnel JJ, Andreadis TG. Microsporidia in insects. In: The Microsporidia and Microsporidiosis, eds.: M Wittner, LM Weiss. ASM Press, Washington D.C. 1999, 447–501. BecnelJJ AndreadisTG Microsporidia in insects In: The Microsporidia and Microsporidiosis eds.: WittnerM WeissLM ASM Press Washington D.C. 1999 447 501 10.1128/9781555818227.ch14 Search in Google Scholar

[8] Fries I. Nosema apis - parasite in the honeybee colony. Bee World. 1993; 74: 5–19. FriesI Nosema apis - parasite in the honeybee colony Bee World 1993 74 5 19 10.1080/0005772X.1993.11099149 Search in Google Scholar

[9] Kent ML, Elliott DG, Groff JM, Hedrick RP. Loma salmonae (Protozoa: Microspora) infections in seawater reared coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch. Aquaculture. 1989; 80: 211–222. KentML ElliottDG GroffJM HedrickRP Loma salmonae (Protozoa: Microspora) infections in seawater reared coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch Aquaculture 1989 80 211 222 10.1016/0044-8486(89)90169-5 Search in Google Scholar

[10] Lom J. A catalogue of described genera and species of microsporidians parasitic in fish. Syst Parasitol. 2002; 53: 81–99. LomJ A catalogue of described genera and species of microsporidians parasitic in fish Syst Parasitol 2002 53 81 99 10.1023/A:1020422209539 Search in Google Scholar

[11] Overstreet RM. Parasites of some penaeid shrimps with emphasis on reared hosts. Aquaculture. 1973; 2: 105–140. OverstreetRM Parasites of some penaeid shrimps with emphasis on reared hosts Aquaculture 1973 2 105 140 10.1016/0044-8486(73)90140-3 Search in Google Scholar

[12] Shaw RW, Kent ML. Fish microsporidia. In: Microsporidia and Microsporidiosis, eds.: M Wittner, LM Weiss. ASM Press, Washington DC 1999, 418–446. ShawRW KentML Fish microsporidia In: Microsporidia and Microsporidiosis eds.: WittnerM WeissLM ASM Press Washington DC 1999 418 446 10.1128/9781555818227.ch13 Search in Google Scholar

[13] Boldorini R, Monga G, Tosoni A, Didier ES, Nebuloni M, Costanzi G, Mazzucco G, Orenstein JM. Renal Encephalitozoon (Septata) intestinalis infection in a patient with AIDS. Post-mortem identification by means of transmission electron microscopy and PCR. Virchows Arch. 1998; 432: 535–539. BoldoriniR MongaG TosoniA DidierES NebuloniM CostanziG MazzuccoG OrensteinJM Renal Encephalitozoon (Septata) intestinalis infection in a patient with AIDS. Post-mortem identification by means of transmission electron microscopy and PCR Virchows Arch 1998 432 535 539 10.1007/s0042800502029672195 Search in Google Scholar

[14] Didier ES, Weiss LM. Microsporidiosis: Current status. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2006; 19: 485–492. DidierES WeissLM Microsporidiosis: Current status Curr Opin Infect Dis 2006 19 485 492 10.1097/01.qco.0000244055.46382.23310965016940873 Search in Google Scholar

[15] Didier ES, Weiss LM. Microsporidiosis: Not just in AIDS patients. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2011; 24: 490–495. DidierES WeissLM Microsporidiosis: Not just in AIDS patients Curr Opin Infect Dis 2011 24 490 495 10.1097/QCO.0b013e32834aa152341602121844802 Search in Google Scholar

[16] Didier ES. Microsporidiosis: An emerging and opportunistic infection in humans and animals. Acta Trop. 2005; 94: 61–76. DidierES Microsporidiosis: An emerging and opportunistic infection in humans and animals Acta Trop 2005 94 61 76 10.1016/j.actatropica.2005.01.01015777637 Search in Google Scholar

[17] Kicia M, Szydłowicz M, Cebulski K, Jakuszko K, Piesiak P, Kowal A, Sak B, Krajewska M, Hendrich AB, Kváč M, Kopacz Ż. Symptomatic respiratory Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in renal transplant recipients. Int J Infect Dis. 2019; 79: 21–25. KiciaM SzydłowiczM CebulskiK JakuszkoK PiesiakP KowalA SakB KrajewskaM HendrichAB KváčM KopaczŻ Symptomatic respiratory Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in renal transplant recipients Int J Infect Dis 2019 79 21 25 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.10.01630391325 Search in Google Scholar

[18] Mathis A, Weber R, Deplazes P. Zoonotic potential of the microsporidia. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005; 18: 423–445. MathisA WeberR DeplazesP Zoonotic potential of the microsporidia Clin Microbiol Rev 2005 18 423 445 10.1128/CMR.18.3.423-445.2005119596516020683 Search in Google Scholar

[19] Shadduck JA, Watson WT, Pakes SP, Cali A. Animal infectivity of Encephalitozoon cuniculi. J Parasitol. 1979; 65: 123–129. ShadduckJA WatsonWT PakesSP CaliA Animal infectivity of Encephalitozoon cuniculi J Parasitol 1979 65 123 129 10.2307/3280216 Search in Google Scholar

[20] Sokolova OI, Demyanov AV, Bowers LC, Didier ES, Yakovlev AV, Skarlato SO, Sokolova YY. Emerging microsporidian infections in Russian HIV-infected patients. J Clin Microbiol. 2011; 49: 2102–2108. SokolovaOI DemyanovAV BowersLC DidierES YakovlevAV SkarlatoSO SokolovaYY Emerging microsporidian infections in Russian HIV-infected patients J Clin Microbiol 2011 49 2102 2108 10.1128/JCM.02624-10312274321450962 Search in Google Scholar

[21] Carlson JR, Li L, Helton CL, Munn RJ, Wasson K, Perez RV, Gallay BJ, Finkbeiner WE. Disseminated microsporidiosis in a pancreas/kidney transplant recipient. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2004; 128: e41–e43. CarlsonJR LiL HeltonCL MunnRJ WassonK PerezRV GallayBJ FinkbeinerWE Disseminated microsporidiosis in a pancreas/kidney transplant recipient Arch Pathol Lab Med 2004 128 e41 e43 10.5858/2004-128-e41-DMIAKT14987135 Search in Google Scholar

[22] Rabodonirina M, Cotte L, Radenne S, Besada E, Trepo C. Microsporidiosis and transplantation: A retrospective study of 23 cases. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 2003; 50: 583. RabodonirinaM CotteL RadenneS BesadaE TrepoC Microsporidiosis and transplantation: A retrospective study of 23 cases J Eukaryot Microbiol 2003 50 583 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00639.x14736172 Search in Google Scholar

[23] Sridhar MS, Sharma S. Microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis in a HIV-seronegative patient treated with debridement and oral itraconazole. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003; 136: 745–746. SridharMS SharmaS Microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis in a HIV-seronegative patient treated with debridement and oral itraconazole Am J Ophthalmol 2003 136 745 746 10.1016/S0002-9394(03)00391-X14516821 Search in Google Scholar

[24] Teachey DT, Russo P, Orenstein JM, Didier ES, Bowers C, Bunin N. Pulmonary infection with microsporidia after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2004; 33: 299–302. TeacheyDT RussoP OrensteinJM DidierES BowersC BuninN Pulmonary infection with microsporidia after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation Bone Marrow Transplant 2004 33 299 302 10.1038/sj.bmt.170432714628080 Search in Google Scholar

[25] Theng J, Chan C, Ling ML, Tan D. Microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis in a healthy contact lens wearer without human immunodeficiency virus infection. Ophthalmology. 2001; 108: 976–978. ThengJ ChanC LingML TanD Microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis in a healthy contact lens wearer without human immunodeficiency virus infection Ophthalmology 2001 108 976 978 10.1016/S0161-6420(01)00542-5 Search in Google Scholar

[26] Wesołowska M, Szetela B, Kicia M, Kopacz Ż, Sak B, Rymer W, Kváč M, Sałamatin R. Dual infection of urinary tract with Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon cuniculi in HIV/AIDS patients. Ann Parasitol. 2019; 65: 77–81. WesołowskaM SzetelaB KiciaM KopaczŻ SakB RymerW KváčM SałamatinR Dual infection of urinary tract with Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon cuniculi in HIV/AIDS patients Ann Parasitol 2019 65 77 81 Search in Google Scholar

[27] Didier ES, Didier PJ, Friedberg DN, Stenson SM, Orenstein JM, Yee RW, Tio FO, Davis RM, Vossbrinck C, Millichamp N, Shadduck JA. Isolation and characterization of a new human microsporidian, Encephalitozoon hellem (n. sp.), from three AIDS patients with keratoconjunctivitis. J Infect Dis. 1991; 163: 617–621. DidierES DidierPJ FriedbergDN StensonSM OrensteinJM YeeRW TioFO DavisRM VossbrinckC MillichampN ShadduckJA Isolation and characterization of a new human microsporidian, Encephalitozoon hellem (n. sp.), from three AIDS patients with keratoconjunctivitis J Infect Dis 1991 163 617 621 10.1093/infdis/163.3.6171995733 Search in Google Scholar

[28] Wright JH, Craighead EM. Infectious motor paralysis in young rabbits. J Exp Med. 1922; 36: 135–140. WrightJH CraigheadEM Infectious motor paralysis in young rabbits J Exp Med 1922 36 135 140 10.1084/jem.36.1.135218024519868653 Search in Google Scholar

[29] Ozkan O, Ozkan AT, Zafer K. Encephalitozoonosis in New Zealand rabbits and potential transmission risk. Vet Parasitol. 2011; 179: 234–237. OzkanO OzkanAT ZaferK Encephalitozoonosis in New Zealand rabbits and potential transmission risk Vet Parasitol 2011 179 234 237 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.02.00721377801 Search in Google Scholar

[30] Valencakova A, Balent P, Petrovova E, Novotny F, Luptakova L. Encephalitozoonosis in household pet Nederland Dwarf rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Vet Parasitol. 2008; 153: 265–269. ValencakovaA BalentP PetrovovaE NovotnyF LuptakovaL Encephalitozoonosis in household pet Nederland Dwarf rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Vet Parasitol 2008 153 265 269 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.01.04718378398 Search in Google Scholar

[31] Ditrich O, Chrdle A, Sak B, Chmelík V, Kubále J, Dyková I, Kváč M. Encephalitozoon cuniculi genotype I as a causative agent of brain abscess in an immunocompetent patient. J Clin Microbiol. 2011; 49: 2769–2771. DitrichO ChrdleA SakB ChmelíkV KubáleJ DykováI KváčM Encephalitozoon cuniculi genotype I as a causative agent of brain abscess in an immunocompetent patient J Clin Microbiol 2011 49 2769 2771 10.1128/JCM.00620-11314786021593268 Search in Google Scholar

[32] Levkutová M, Hípiková V, Faitelzon S, Benath G, Paulík S, Levkut M. Prevalence of antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi in horses in Israel. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2004; 11: 265–267. LevkutováM HípikováV FaitelzonS BenathG PaulíkS LevkutM Prevalence of antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi in horses in Israel Ann Agric Environ Med 2004 11 265 267 Search in Google Scholar

[33] Snowden K, Logan K. Molecular identification of Encephalitozoon hellem in an ostrich. Avian Dis. 1999; 43: 779–782. SnowdenK LoganK Molecular identification of Encephalitozoon hellem in an ostrich Avian Dis 1999 43 779 782 10.2307/1592748 Search in Google Scholar

[34] Wasson K, Peper RL. Mammalian microsporidiosis. Vet Pathol. 2000; 37: 113–128. WassonK PeperRL Mammalian microsporidiosis Vet Pathol 2000 37 113 128 10.1354/vp.37-2-11310714640 Search in Google Scholar

[35] Didier ES, Visvesvara GS, Baker MD, Rogers LB, Bertucci DC, De Grotte MA, Vossbrinck CR. A microsporidian isolated from an AIDS patient corresponds to Encephalitozoon cuniculi III, originally isolated from domestic dogs. J Clin Microbiol. 1996; 34: 2835–2837. DidierES VisvesvaraGS BakerMD RogersLB BertucciDC De GrotteMA VossbrinckCR A microsporidian isolated from an AIDS patient corresponds to Encephalitozoon cuniculi III, originally isolated from domestic dogs J Clin Microbiol 1996 34 2835 2837 10.1128/jcm.34.11.2835-2837.19962294158897194 Search in Google Scholar

[36] Xiao L, Li L, Visvesvara GS, Moura H, Didier ES, Lal AA. Genotyping Encephalitozoon cuniculi by multilocus analyses of genes with repetitive sequences. J Clin Microbiol. 2001; 39: 2248–2253. XiaoL LiL VisvesvaraGS MouraH DidierES LalAA Genotyping Encephalitozoon cuniculi by multilocus analyses of genes with repetitive sequences J Clin Microbiol 2001 39 2248 2253 10.1128/JCM.39.6.2248-2253.20018811911376065 Search in Google Scholar

[37] Cox JC, Hamilton RC, Attwood HD. An investigation of the route and progression of Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in adult rabbits. J Protozool. 1979; 26: 260–265. CoxJC HamiltonRC AttwoodHD An investigation of the route and progression of Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in adult rabbits J Protozool 1979 26 260 265 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1979.tb02776.x490434 Search in Google Scholar

[38] Fuentealba IC, Mahoney NT, Shadduck JA, Harvill J, Wicher V, Wicher K. Hepatic lesions in rabbits infected with Encephalitozoon cuniculi administered per rectum. Vet Pathol. 1992; 29, 536–540. FuentealbaIC MahoneyNT ShadduckJA HarvillJ WicherV WicherK Hepatic lesions in rabbits infected with Encephalitozoon cuniculi administered per rectum Vet Pathol 1992 29 536 540 10.1177/0300985892029006081448900 Search in Google Scholar

[39] Harcourt-Brown FM. Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in rabbits. Semin Avian Exotic Pet Med. 2004; 13: 86–93. Harcourt-BrownFM Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in rabbits Semin Avian Exotic Pet Med 2004 13 86 93 10.1053/j.saep.2004.01.004 Search in Google Scholar

[40] Wicher V, Baughn RE, Fuentealba C, Shadduck JA, Abbruscato F, Wicher K. Enteric infection with an obligate intracellular parasite, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, in an experimental model. Infect Immun. 1991; 59: 2225–2231. WicherV BaughnRE FuentealbaC ShadduckJA AbbruscatoF WicherK Enteric infection with an obligate intracellular parasite, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, in an experimental model Infect Immun 1991 59 2225 2231 10.1128/iai.59.7.2225-2231.19912579991904839 Search in Google Scholar

[41] Csokai J, Gruber A, Künzel F, Tichy A, Joachim A. Encephalitozoonosis in pet rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus): Pathohistological findings in animals with latent infection versus clinical manifestation. Parasitol Res. 2009; 104: 629–635. CsokaiJ GruberA KünzelF TichyA JoachimA Encephalitozoonosis in pet rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus): Pathohistological findings in animals with latent infection versus clinical manifestation Parasitol Res 2009 104 629 635 10.1007/s00436-008-1239-218998169 Search in Google Scholar

[42] Künzel F, Joachim A. Encephalitozoonosis in rabbits. Parasitol Res. 2010; 106: 299–309. KünzelF JoachimA Encephalitozoonosis in rabbits Parasitol Res 2010 106 299 309 10.1007/s00436-009-1679-319921257 Search in Google Scholar

[43] Kucerova Z, Sokolova OI, Demyanov AV, Kvac M., Sak B., Kvetonova D., Secor WE.: Microsporidiosis and cryptosporidiosis in HIV/AIDS patients in St. Petersburg, Russia: Serological identification of microsporidia and Cryptosporidium parvum in sera samples from HIV/AIDS patients. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2011; 27: 13–15. KucerovaZ SokolovaOI DemyanovAV KvacM. SakB. KvetonovaD. SecorWE Microsporidiosis and cryptosporidiosis in HIV/AIDS patients in St. Petersburg, Russia: Serological identification of microsporidia and Cryptosporidium parvum in sera samples from HIV/AIDS patients AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2011 27 13 15 10.1089/aid.2010.013220929396 Search in Google Scholar

[44] Matsubayashi M, Koike T, Mikata I, Takei H, Hagiwara S. A case of Encephalitozoon like body infection in man. AMA Arch Pathol. 1959; 67: 181–187. MatsubayashiM KoikeT MikataI TakeiH HagiwaraS A case of Encephalitozoon like body infection in man AMA Arch Pathol 1959 67 181 187 Search in Google Scholar

[45] Kicia M, Sędzimirska M, Sak B, Kváč M, Wesołowska M, Hendrich AB, Kopacz Ż. Respiratory microsporidiosis caused by Enterocytozoon bieneusi in a HIV-negative hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient. Int J Infect Dis. 2018; 77: 26–28. KiciaM SędzimirskaM SakB KváčM WesołowskaM HendrichAB KopaczŻ Respiratory microsporidiosis caused by Enterocytozoon bieneusi in a HIV-negative hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient Int J Infect Dis 2018 77 26 28 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.07.02130063985 Search in Google Scholar

[46] George B, Coates T, McDonald S, Russ G, Cherian S, Nolan J, Brealey J. Disseminated microsporidiosis with Encephalitozoon species in a renal transplant recipient. Nephrology, 2012; 17: 5–8. GeorgeB CoatesT McDonaldS RussG CherianS NolanJ BrealeyJ Disseminated microsporidiosis with Encephalitozoon species in a renal transplant recipient Nephrology 2012 17 5 8 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2012.01580.x22497646 Search in Google Scholar

[47] Kelkar R, Sastry PS, Kulkarni SS, Saikia TK, Parikh PM, Advani SH. Pulmonary microsporidial infection in a patient with CML undergoing allogeneic marrow transplant. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1997; 19: 179–182. KelkarR SastryPS KulkarniSS SaikiaTK ParikhPM AdvaniSH Pulmonary microsporidial infection in a patient with CML undergoing allogeneic marrow transplant Bone Marrow Transplant 1997 19 179 182 10.1038/sj.bmt.17005369116617 Search in Google Scholar

[48] Mohindra AR, Lee MW, Visvesvara G, Moura H, Parasuraman R, Leitch GJ, Xiao L, Yee J, del Busto R. Disseminated microsporidiosis in a renal transplant recipient. Transpl Infect Dis. 2002; 4: 102–107. MohindraAR LeeMW VisvesvaraG MouraH ParasuramanR LeitchGJ XiaoL YeeJ del BustoR Disseminated microsporidiosis in a renal transplant recipient Transpl Infect Dis 2002 4 102 107 10.1034/j.1399-3062.2002.01011.x12220248 Search in Google Scholar

[49] Nagpal A, Pritt BS, Lorenz EC, Amer H, Nasr SH, Cornell LD, Iqbal S, Wilhelm MP. Disseminated microsporidiosis in a renal transplant recipient: Case report and review of the literature. Transpl Infect Dis. 2013; 15: 526–532. NagpalA PrittBS LorenzEC AmerH NasrSH CornellLD IqbalS WilhelmMP Disseminated microsporidiosis in a renal transplant recipient: Case report and review of the literature Transpl Infect Dis 2013 15 526 532 10.1111/tid.1211923947513 Search in Google Scholar

[50] Orenstein JM, Russo P, Didier ES, Bowers C, Bunin N, Teachey DT. Fatal pulmonary microsporidiosis due to Encephalitozoon cuniculi following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for acute myelogenous leukemia. Ultrastruct Pathol. 2005; 29: 269–276. OrensteinJM RussoP DidierES BowersC BuninN TeacheyDT Fatal pulmonary microsporidiosis due to Encephalitozoon cuniculi following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for acute myelogenous leukemia Ultrastruct Pathol 2005 29 269 276 10.1080/0191312059095125716036880 Search in Google Scholar

[51] Özkoç S, Bayram Delibaş S, Akisü Ç. Evaluation of pulmonary microsporidiosis in iatrogenically immunosuppressed patients. Tuberk Toraks. 2016; 64: 9–16. ÖzkoçS Bayram DelibaşS AkisüÇ Evaluation of pulmonary microsporidiosis in iatrogenically immunosuppressed patients Tuberk Toraks 2016 64 9 16 10.5578/tt.1020727266280 Search in Google Scholar

[52] Valencakova A, Halanova M. Immune response to Encephalitozoon infection review. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012; 35: 1–7. ValencakovaA HalanovaM Immune response to Encephalitozoon infection review Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2012 35 1 7 10.1016/j.cimid.2011.11.00422172576 Search in Google Scholar

[53] Jämsen E, Kouri VP, Olkkonen J, Cör A, Goodman SB, Konttinen YT, Pajarinen J. Characterization of macrophage polarizing cytokines in the aseptic loosening of total hip replacements. J Orthop Res. 2014; 32: 1241–1246. JämsenE KouriVP OlkkonenJ CörA GoodmanSB KonttinenYT PajarinenJ Characterization of macrophage polarizing cytokines in the aseptic loosening of total hip replacements J Orthop Res 2014 32 1241 1246 10.1002/jor.2265824897980 Search in Google Scholar

[54] Magone K, Luckenbill D, Goswami T. Metal ions as inflammatory initiators of osteolysis. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2015; 135: 683–695. MagoneK LuckenbillD GoswamiT Metal ions as inflammatory initiators of osteolysis Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2015 135 683 695 10.1007/s00402-015-2196-825795427 Search in Google Scholar

[55] Yachnis AT, Berg J, Martinez-Salazar A, Bender BS, Diaz L, Rojiani AM, Eskin TA, Orenstein JM. Disseminated microsporidiosis especially infecting the brain, heart, and kidneys. Report of a newly recognized pansporoblastic species in two symptomatic AIDS patients. Am J Clin Pathol. 1996; 106: 535–543. YachnisAT BergJ Martinez-SalazarA BenderBS DiazL RojianiAM EskinTA OrensteinJM Disseminated microsporidiosis especially infecting the brain, heart, and kidneys. Report of a newly recognized pansporoblastic species in two symptomatic AIDS patients Am J Clin Pathol 1996 106 535 543 10.1093/ajcp/106.4.5358853044 Search in Google Scholar

[56] Didier ES, Snowden KF, Shadduck JA. Biology of microsporidian species infecting mammals. Adv Parasitol. 1998; 40: 283–320. DidierES SnowdenKF ShadduckJA Biology of microsporidian species infecting mammals Adv Parasitol 1998 40 283 320 10.1016/S0065-308X(08)60125-6 Search in Google Scholar

[57] Franzen C, Müller A, Hegener P, Salzberger B, Hartmann P, Fätkenheuer G, Diehl V, Schrappe M. Detection of microsporidia (Enterocytozoon bieneusi) in intestinal biopsy specimens from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients by PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 1995; 33: 2294–2296. FranzenC MüllerA HegenerP SalzbergerB HartmannP FätkenheuerG DiehlV SchrappeM Detection of microsporidia (Enterocytozoon bieneusi) in intestinal biopsy specimens from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients by PCR J Clin Microbiol 1995 33 2294 2296 10.1128/jcm.33.9.2294-2296.19952283977494017 Search in Google Scholar

[58] Gamboa-Dominguez A, De Anda J, Donis J, Ruiz-Maza F, Visvesvara GS, Diliz H. Disseminated Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in a Mexican kidney transplant recipient. Transplantation, 2003; 75:1898–1900. Gamboa-DominguezA De AndaJ DonisJ Ruiz-MazaF VisvesvaraGS DilizH Disseminated Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in a Mexican kidney transplant recipient Transplantation 2003 75 1898 1900 10.1097/01.TP.0000064623.57821.2212811252 Search in Google Scholar

[59] Mertens RB, Didier E, Fishbein M, Bertucci DC, Rogers LB, Orenstein JM. Encephalitozoon cuniuli microsporidiosis: Infection of the brain, heart, kidneys, trachea, adrenal glands, and urinary bladder in a patient with AIDS. Mod Pathol. 1997;10: 68–77. MertensRB DidierE FishbeinM BertucciDC RogersLB OrensteinJM Encephalitozoon cuniuli microsporidiosis: Infection of the brain, heart, kidneys, trachea, adrenal glands, and urinary bladder in a patient with AIDS Mod Pathol 1997 10 68 77 Search in Google Scholar

[60] Tosoni A, Nebuloni M, Ferri A, Bonetto S, Antinori S, Scaglia M, Xiao L, Moura H, Visvesvara GS, Vago L, Costanzi G. Disseminated microsporidiosis caused by Encephalitozoon cuniculi III (dog type) in an Italian AIDS patient: A retrospective study. Mod Pathol. 2002; 15: 577–583. TosoniA NebuloniM FerriA BonettoS AntinoriS ScagliaM XiaoL MouraH VisvesvaraGS VagoL CostanziG Disseminated microsporidiosis caused by Encephalitozoon cuniculi III (dog type) in an Italian AIDS patient: A retrospective study Mod Pathol 2002 15 577 583 10.1038/modpathol.388056612011264 Search in Google Scholar

[61] Costa SF, Weiss LM. Drug treatment of microsporidiosis. Drug Resist Updat. 2000; 3: 384–399. CostaSF WeissLM Drug treatment of microsporidiosis Drug Resist Updat 2000 3 384 399 10.1054/drup.2000.017411498405 Search in Google Scholar

[62] Moura, H, Sodre FC, Bornay-Llinares FJ, Leitch GJ, Navin T, Wahlquist S, Bryan R, Meseguer I, Visvesvara GS. Detection by an immunofluorescence test of Encephalitozoon intestinalis spores in routinely formalin-fixed stool samples stored at room temperature. J Clin Microbiol. 1999; 37: 2317–2322. MouraH SodreFC Bornay-LlinaresFJ LeitchGJ NavinT WahlquistS BryanR MeseguerI VisvesvaraGS Detection by an immunofluorescence test of Encephalitozoon intestinalis spores in routinely formalin-fixed stool samples stored at room temperature J Clin Microbiol 1999 37 2317 2322 10.1128/JCM.37.7.2317-2322.19998514610364604 Search in Google Scholar

[63] Sheikh RA, Prindiville TP, Yenamandra S, Munn RJ, Ruebner BH. Microsporidial AIDS cholangiopathy due to Encephalitozoon intestinalis: Case report and review. Am J Gastroenterol, 2000; 95: 2364–2371. SheikhRA PrindivilleTP YenamandraS MunnRJ RuebnerBH Microsporidial AIDS cholangiopathy due to Encephalitozoon intestinalis: Case report and review Am J Gastroenterol 2000 95 2364 2371 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.02334.x11007244 Search in Google Scholar

[64] Ferreira FM, Bezerra L, Santos MB, Bernardes RM, Avelino I, Silva ML: Intestinal microsporidiosis: A current infection in HIV-seropositive patients in Portugal. Microbes Infect. 2001; 3: 1015–1019. FerreiraFM BezerraL SantosMB BernardesRM AvelinoI SilvaML Intestinal microsporidiosis: A current infection in HIV-seropositive patients in Portugal Microbes Infect 2001 3 1015 1019 10.1016/S1286-4579(01)01465-4 Search in Google Scholar

[65] Franzen C, Kuppers R, Muller A, Salzberger B, Fatkenheuer G, Vetten B, Diehl V, Schrappe M. Genetic evidence for latent Septata intestinalis infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with intestinal microsporidiosis. J Infect Dis. 1996; 173: 1038–1040. FranzenC KuppersR MullerA SalzbergerB FatkenheuerG VettenB DiehlV SchrappeM Genetic evidence for latent Septata intestinalis infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with intestinal microsporidiosis J Infect Dis 1996 173 1038 1040 10.1093/infdis/173.4.10388603948 Search in Google Scholar

[66] Liguory O, David F, Sarfati C, Schuitema AR, Hartskeerl RA, Derouin F, Modaï J, Molina JM. Diagnosis of infections caused by Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis using polymerase chain reaction in stool specimens. AIDS. 1997; 11: 723–726. LiguoryO DavidF SarfatiC SchuitemaAR HartskeerlRA DerouinF ModaïJ MolinaJM Diagnosis of infections caused by Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis using polymerase chain reaction in stool specimens AIDS 1997 11 723 726 10.1097/00002030-199706000-000049143603 Search in Google Scholar

[67] Lippert U, Schottelius J, Manegold C. Disseminated microsporidiosis (Encephalitozoon intestinalis) in a patient with HIV infection. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2003; 128: 1769–1772. LippertU SchotteliusJ ManegoldC Disseminated microsporidiosis (Encephalitozoon intestinalis) in a patient with HIV infection Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2003 128 1769 1772 10.1055/s-2003-4170612934171 Search in Google Scholar

[68] Molina JM, Oksenhendler E, Beauvais B, Sarfati C, Jaccard A, Derouin F, Modaï J. Disseminated microsporidiosis due to Septata intestinalis in patients with AIDS: Clinical features and response to albendazole therapy. J Infect Dis. 1995; 171: 245–249. MolinaJM OksenhendlerE BeauvaisB SarfatiC JaccardA DerouinF ModaïJ Disseminated microsporidiosis due to Septata intestinalis in patients with AIDS: Clinical features and response to albendazole therapy J Infect Dis 1995 171 245 249 10.1093/infdis/171.1.2457798674 Search in Google Scholar

[69] Sobottka I, Schwartz DA, Schottelius J, Visvesvara GS, Pieniazek NJ, Schmetz C, Kock NP, Laufs R, Albrecht H. Prevalence and clinical significance of intestinal microsporidiosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with and without diarrhea in Germany: A prospective coprodiagnostic study. Clin Infect Dis. 1998; 26: 475–480. SobottkaI SchwartzDA SchotteliusJ VisvesvaraGS PieniazekNJ SchmetzC KockNP LaufsR AlbrechtH Prevalence and clinical significance of intestinal microsporidiosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with and without diarrhea in Germany: A prospective coprodiagnostic study Clin Infect Dis 1998 26 475 480 10.1086/5163289502473 Search in Google Scholar

[70] Svedhem V, Lebbad M, Hedkvist B, Del Aguila C, Hedman P, Larsson R, Navajas R, Aust-Kettis A. Disseminated infection with Encephalitozoon intestinalis in AIDS patients: Report of 2 cases. Scand J Infect Dis. 2002; 34: 703–705. SvedhemV LebbadM HedkvistB Del AguilaC HedmanP LarssonR NavajasR Aust-KettisA Disseminated infection with Encephalitozoon intestinalis in AIDS patients: Report of 2 cases Scand J Infect Dis 2002 34 703 705 10.1080/0036554021014759812374372 Search in Google Scholar

[71] van Gool T, Canning EU, Gilis H, van den Bergh Weerman MA, Eeftinck Schattenkerk JK, Dankert J. Septata intestinalis frequently isolated from stool of AIDS patients with a new cultivation method. Parasitology. 1994; 109: 281–289. van GoolT CanningEU GilisH van den Bergh WeermanMA Eeftinck SchattenkerkJK DankertJ Septata intestinalis frequently isolated from stool of AIDS patients with a new cultivation method Parasitology 1994 109 281 289 10.1017/S0031182000078318 Search in Google Scholar

[72] Weber R, Sauer B, Spycher MA, Deplazes P, Keller R, Ammann R, Briner J, Lüthy R. Detection of Septata intestinalis in stool specimens and coprodiagnostic monitoring of successful treatment with albendazole. Clin Infect Dis. 1994; 19: 342–345. WeberR SauerB SpycherMA DeplazesP KellerR AmmannR BrinerJ LüthyR Detection of Septata intestinalis in stool specimens and coprodiagnostic monitoring of successful treatment with albendazole Clin Infect Dis 1994 19 342 345 10.1093/clinids/19.2.3427986914 Search in Google Scholar

[73] Dore GJ, Marriott DJ, Hing MC, Harkness JL, Field AS. Disseminated microsporidiosis due to Septata intestinalis in nine patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: Response to therapy with albendazole. Clin Infect Dis. 1995; 21: 70–76. DoreGJ MarriottDJ HingMC HarknessJL FieldAS Disseminated microsporidiosis due to Septata intestinalis in nine patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: Response to therapy with albendazole Clin Infect Dis 1995 21 70 76 10.1093/clinids/21.1.707578763 Search in Google Scholar

[74] Leder K, Ryan N, Spelman D, Crowe SM. Microsporidial disease in HIV-infected patients: A report of 42 patients and review of the literature. Scand J Infect Dis. 1998; 30: 331–338. LederK RyanN SpelmanD CroweSM Microsporidial disease in HIV-infected patients: A report of 42 patients and review of the literature Scand J Infect Dis 1998 30 331 338 10.1080/003655498501605949817510 Search in Google Scholar

[75] Alfa Cisse O, Ouattara A, Thellier M, Accoceberry I, Biligui S, Minta D, Doumbo O, Desportest Livage I, Thera MA, Danis M, Datry A. Evaluation of an immunofluorescent-antibody test using monoclonal antibodies directed against Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis for diagnosis of intestinal microsporidiosis in Bamako (Mali). J Clin Microbiol. 2002; 40: 1715–1718. Alfa CisseO OuattaraA ThellierM AccoceberryI BiliguiS MintaD DoumboO Desportest LivageI TheraMA DanisM DatryA Evaluation of an immunofluorescent-antibody test using monoclonal antibodies directed against Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis for diagnosis of intestinal microsporidiosis in Bamako (Mali) J Clin Microbiol 2002 40 1715 1718 10.1128/JCM.40.5.1715-1718.200213092111980948 Search in Google Scholar

[76] Graczyk TK, Bosco-Nizeyi J, da Silva AJ, Moura IN, Pieniazek NJ, Cranfield MR, Lindquist HD. A single genotype of Encephalitozoon intestinalis infects free-ranging gorillas and people sharing their habitats in Uganda. Parasitol Res. 2002; 88: 926–931. GraczykTK Bosco-NizeyiJ da SilvaAJ MouraIN PieniazekNJ CranfieldMR LindquistHD A single genotype of Encephalitozoon intestinalis infects free-ranging gorillas and people sharing their habitats in Uganda Parasitol Res 2002 88 926 931 10.1007/s00436-002-0693-512209334 Search in Google Scholar

[77] Kelly P, McPhail G, Ngwenya B, Luo N, Karew AH, Pankhurst C, Drobniewski F, Farthing M. Septata intestinalis: A new microsporidian in Africa. Lancet. 1994; 344: 271–272. KellyP McPhailG NgwenyaB LuoN KarewAH PankhurstC DrobniewskiF FarthingM Septata intestinalis: A new microsporidian in Africa Lancet 1994 344 271 272 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)93039-27913189 Search in Google Scholar

[78] Malčeková B, Halánová M, Sulínová Z, Molnár L, Ravaszová P, Adam J, Halán M, Valocký I, Baranovič M. Seroprevalence of antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis in humans and animals. Res Vet Sci. 2010; 89: 358–361. MalčekováB HalánováM SulínováZ MolnárL RavaszováP AdamJ HalánM ValockýI BaranovičM Seroprevalence of antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis in humans and animals Res Vet Sci 2010 89 358 361 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.03.02020362311 Search in Google Scholar

[79] Coyle CM, Wittner M, Kotler DP, Noyer C, Orenstein JM, Tanowitz HB, Weiss LM. Prevalence of microsporidiosis due to Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon (Septata) intestinalis among patients with AIDS-related diarrhea: Determination by polymerase chain reaction to the microsporidian small-subunit rRNA gene. Clin Infect Dis. 1996; 23: 1002–1006. CoyleCM WittnerM KotlerDP NoyerC OrensteinJM TanowitzHB WeissLM Prevalence of microsporidiosis due to Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon (Septata) intestinalis among patients with AIDS-related diarrhea: Determination by polymerase chain reaction to the microsporidian small-subunit rRNA gene Clin Infect Dis 1996 23 1002 1006 10.1093/clinids/23.5.10028922793 Search in Google Scholar

[80] Weber R, Ledergerber B, Zbinden R, Altwegg M, Pfyffer GE, Spycher MA, Briner J, Kaiser L, Opravil M, Meyenberger C, Flepp M. Enteric infections and diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons: Prospective community-based cohort study. Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Arch Intern Med. 1999; 159: 1473–1480. WeberR LedergerberB ZbindenR AltweggM PfyfferGE SpycherMA BrinerJ KaiserL OpravilM MeyenbergerC FleppM Enteric infections and diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons: Prospective community-based cohort study. Swiss HIV Cohort Study Arch Intern Med 1999 159 1473 1480 10.1001/archinte.159.13.147310399899 Search in Google Scholar

[81] Bart A, Wentink-Bonnema EM, Heddema ER, Buijs, J, van Gool T. Frequent occurrence of human-associated microsporidia in fecal droppings of urban pigeons in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008; 74: 7056–7058. BartA Wentink-BonnemaEM HeddemaER BuijsJ van GoolT Frequent occurrence of human-associated microsporidia in fecal droppings of urban pigeons in Amsterdam, the Netherlands Appl Environ Microbiol 2008 74 7056 7058 10.1128/AEM.01429-08258349318805997 Search in Google Scholar

[82] Haro M, Izquierdo F, Henriques-Gil N, Andrés I, Alonso F, Fenoy S, del Aguila C. First detection and genotyping of human-associated microsporidia in pigeons from urban parks. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005; 71: 3153–3157. HaroM IzquierdoF Henriques-GilN AndrésI AlonsoF FenoyS del AguilaC First detection and genotyping of human-associated microsporidia in pigeons from urban parks Appl Environ Microbiol 2005 71 3153 3157 10.1128/AEM.71.6.3153-3157.2005115180815933015 Search in Google Scholar

[83] Slodkowicz-Kowalska A, Graczyk TK, Tamang L, Jedrzejewski S, Nowosad A, Zduniak P, Solarczyk P, Girouard AS, Majewska AC. Microsporidian species known to infect humans are present in aquatic birds: Implications for transmission via water? Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006; 72: 4540–4544. Slodkowicz-KowalskaA GraczykTK TamangL JedrzejewskiS NowosadA ZduniakP SolarczykP GirouardAS MajewskaAC Microsporidian species known to infect humans are present in aquatic birds: Implications for transmission via water? Appl Environ Microbiol 2006 72 4540 4544 10.1128/AEM.02503-05148934916820441 Search in Google Scholar

[84] Snowden K, Daft B, Nordhausen RW. Morphological and molecular characterization of Encephalitozoon hellem in hummingbirds. Avian Pathol. 2001; 30: 251–255. SnowdenK DaftB NordhausenRW Morphological and molecular characterization of Encephalitozoon hellem in hummingbirds Avian Pathol 2001 30 251 255 10.1080/0307945012005450019184907 Search in Google Scholar

[85] Tocidlowski ME, Cornish TE, Loomis MR, Stoskopf MK. Mortality in captive-wild caught horned puffin chicks (Fratercula corniculata). J Zool Wildl Med. 1997; 28, 298–306. TocidlowskiME CornishTE LoomisMR StoskopfMK Mortality in captive-wild caught horned puffin chicks (Fratercula corniculata) J Zool Wildl Med 1997 28 298 306 Search in Google Scholar

[86] Barton CE, Phalen DN, Snowden KF. Prevalence of microsporidian spores shed by asymptomatic lovebirds: Evidence for a potential emerging zoonosis. J Avian Med Surg. 2003; 17: 197–202. BartonCE PhalenDN SnowdenKF Prevalence of microsporidian spores shed by asymptomatic lovebirds: Evidence for a potential emerging zoonosis J Avian Med Surg 2003 17 197 202 10.1647/2002-011 Search in Google Scholar

[87] Black SS, Steinohrt LA, Bertucci DC, Rogers LB, Didier ES. Encephalitozoon hellem in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). Vet Pathol. 1997; 34: 189–198. BlackSS SteinohrtLA BertucciDC RogersLB DidierES Encephalitozoon hellem in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) Vet Pathol 1997 34 189 198 10.1177/0300985897034003039163874 Search in Google Scholar

[88] Gray ML, Puette M, Latimer KS. Microsporidiosis in a young ostrich (Struthio camelus). Avian Dis. 1998; 42: 832–836. GrayML PuetteM LatimerKS Microsporidiosis in a young ostrich (Struthio camelus) Avian Dis 1998 42 832 836 10.2307/1592726 Search in Google Scholar

[89] Phalen DN, Logan KS, Snowden KF. Encephalitozoon hellem infection as the cause of a unilateral chronic keratoconjunctivitis in an umbrella cockatoo (Cacatua alba). Vet Ophthalmol. 2006; 9: 59–63. PhalenDN LoganKS SnowdenKF Encephalitozoon hellem infection as the cause of a unilateral chronic keratoconjunctivitis in an umbrella cockatoo (Cacatua alba) Vet Ophthalmol 2006 9 59 63 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2005.00434.x16409247 Search in Google Scholar

[90] Pulparampil N, Graham D, Phalen D, Snowden K. Encephalitozoon hellem in two eclectus parrots (Eclectus roratus): Identification from archival tissues. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 1998; 45: 651–655. PulparampilN GrahamD PhalenD SnowdenK Encephalitozoon hellem in two eclectus parrots (Eclectus roratus): Identification from archival tissues J Eukaryot Microbiol 1998 45 651 655 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1998.tb04562.x9864855 Search in Google Scholar

[91] Sak B, Kašičková D, Kváč M, Květoňová D, Ditrich O. Microsporidia in exotic birds: Intermittent spore excretion of Encephalitozoon spp. in naturally infected budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulates). Vet Parasitol. 2010; 168: 196–200. SakB KašičkováD KváčM KvětoňováD DitrichO Microsporidia in exotic birds: Intermittent spore excretion of Encephalitozoon spp. in naturally infected budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulates) Vet Parasitol 2010 168 196 200 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.11.01220006443 Search in Google Scholar

[92] Poonacha KB, William PD, Stamper RD. Encephalitozoonosis in a parrot. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1985; 186: 700–702. PoonachaKB WilliamPD StamperRD Encephalitozoonosis in a parrot J Am Vet Med Assoc 1985 186 700 702 Search in Google Scholar

[93] Conners MS, Gibler TS, Van Gelder RN. Diagnosis of microsporidia keratitis by polymerase chain reaction. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004; 122: 283–284. ConnersMS GiblerTS Van GelderRN Diagnosis of microsporidia keratitis by polymerase chain reaction Arch Ophthalmol 2004 122 283 284 10.1001/archopht.122.2.28314769611 Search in Google Scholar

[94] Didier ES, Rogers LB, Brush AD, Wong S, Traina-Dorge V, Bertucci D. Diagnosis of disseminated microsporidian Encephalitozoon hellem infection by PCR-Southern analysis and successful treatment with albendazole and fumagillin. J Clin Microbiol, 1996; 34: 947–952. DidierES RogersLB BrushAD WongS Traina-DorgeV BertucciD Diagnosis of disseminated microsporidian Encephalitozoon hellem infection by PCR-Southern analysis and successful treatment with albendazole and fumagillin J Clin Microbiol 1996 34 947 952 10.1128/jcm.34.4.947-952.19962289238815114 Search in Google Scholar

[95] Schwartz DA, Visvesvara GS, Leitch GJ, Tashjian L, Pollack M, Holden J, Bryan RT. Pathology of symptomatic microsporidial (Encephalitozoon hellem) bronchiolitis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A new respiratory pathogen diagnosed from lung biopsy, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum, and tissue culture. Hum Pathol. 1993; 24: 937–943. SchwartzDA VisvesvaraGS LeitchGJ TashjianL PollackM HoldenJ BryanRT Pathology of symptomatic microsporidial (Encephalitozoon hellem) bronchiolitis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A new respiratory pathogen diagnosed from lung biopsy, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum, and tissue culture Hum Pathol 1993 24 937 943 10.1016/0046-8177(93)90106-Q7504651 Search in Google Scholar

[96] Schwartz DA, Bryan RT, Hewan-Lowe KO, Visvesvara GS, Weber R, Cali A, Angritt P. Disseminated microsporidiosis (Encephalitozoon hellem) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Autopsy evidence for respiratory acquisition. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1992; 116: 660–668. SchwartzDA BryanRT Hewan-LoweKO VisvesvaraGS WeberR CaliA AngrittP Disseminated microsporidiosis (Encephalitozoon hellem) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Autopsy evidence for respiratory acquisition Arch Pathol Lab Med 1992 116 660 668 Search in Google Scholar

[97] Schwartz DA, Visvesvara GS, Diesenhouse MC, Weber R, Font RL, Wilson LA, Corrent G, Serdarevic ON, Rosberger DF, Keenen PC, et al. Pathologic features and immunofluorescent antibody demonstration of ocular microsporidiosis (Encephalitozoon hellem) in seven patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1993; 115: 285–292. SchwartzDA VisvesvaraGS DiesenhouseMC WeberR FontRL WilsonLA CorrentG SerdarevicON RosbergerDF KeenenPC Pathologic features and immunofluorescent antibody demonstration of ocular microsporidiosis (Encephalitozoon hellem) in seven patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Am J Ophthalmol 1993 115 285 292 10.1016/S0002-9394(14)73577-98095123 Search in Google Scholar

[98] Visvesvara GS, Leitch GJ, Da Silva AJ, Croppo GP, Moura H, Wallace S, Slemenda S, Schwartz DA, Moss D, Bryan RT, Pieniazek NJ. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibody and PCR-amplified small-subunit rRNA identification of a microsporidian, Encephalitozoon hellem, isolated from an AIDS patient with disseminated infection. J Clin Microbiol. 1994; 32: 2760–2768. VisvesvaraGS LeitchGJ Da SilvaAJ CroppoGP MouraH WallaceS SlemendaS SchwartzDA MossD BryanRT PieniazekNJ Polyclonal and monoclonal antibody and PCR-amplified small-subunit rRNA identification of a microsporidian, Encephalitozoon hellem, isolated from an AIDS patient with disseminated infection J Clin Microbiol 1994 32 2760 2768 10.1128/jcm.32.11.2760-2768.19942641567852569 Search in Google Scholar

[99] Scaglia M, Sacchi L, Croppo GP, da Silva A, Gatti S, Corona S, Orani A, Bernuzzi AM, Pieniazek NJ, Slemenda SB, Wallace S, Visvesvara GS. Pulmonary microsporidiosis due to Encephalitozoon hellem in a patient with AIDS. J Infect. 1997; 34: 119–126. ScagliaM SacchiL CroppoGP da SilvaA GattiS CoronaS OraniA BernuzziAM PieniazekNJ SlemendaSB WallaceS VisvesvaraGS Pulmonary microsporidiosis due to Encephalitozoon hellem in a patient with AIDS J Infect 1997 34 119 126 10.1016/S0163-4453(97)92414-2 Search in Google Scholar

[100] Deplazes P, Mathis A, Baumgartner R, Tanner I, Weber R. Immunologic and molecular characterization of Encephalitozoon-like microsporidia isolated from humans and rabbits indicate that Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a zoonotic parasite. Clin Infect Dis. 1996; 22: 557–559. DeplazesP MathisA BaumgartnerR TannerI WeberR Immunologic and molecular characterization of Encephalitozoon-like microsporidia isolated from humans and rabbits indicate that Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a zoonotic parasite Clin Infect Dis 1996 22 557 559 10.1093/clinids/22.3.5578852978 Search in Google Scholar

[101] Franzen C, Müller A, Hartmann P, Hegener P, Schrappe M, Diehl V, Fatkenheuer G, Salzberger B. Polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis and species differentiation of microsporidia. Folia Parasitol. 1998; 45: 140–148. FranzenC MüllerA HartmannP HegenerP SchrappeM DiehlV FatkenheuerG SalzbergerB Polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis and species differentiation of microsporidia Folia Parasitol 1998 45 140 148 Search in Google Scholar

[102] Weber R, Kuster H, Visvesvara GS, Bryan RT, Schwartz DA, Lüthy R. Disseminated microsporidiosis due to Encephalitozoon hellem: Pulmonary colonization, microhematuria, and mild conjunctivitis in a patient with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis. 1993; 17: 415–419. WeberR KusterH VisvesvaraGS BryanRT SchwartzDA LüthyR Disseminated microsporidiosis due to Encephalitozoon hellem: Pulmonary colonization, microhematuria, and mild conjunctivitis in a patient with AIDS Clin Infect Dis 1993 17 415 419 10.1093/clinids/17.3.4158218683 Search in Google Scholar

[103] Hollister WS, Canning EU, Colbourn NI, Curry A, Lacey CJ. Characterization of Encephalitozoon hellem (Microspora) isolated from the nasal mucosa of a patient with AIDS. Parasitology, 1993; 107: 351–358. HollisterWS CanningEU ColbournNI CurryA LaceyCJ Characterization of Encephalitozoon hellem (Microspora) isolated from the nasal mucosa of a patient with AIDS Parasitology 1993 107 351 358 10.1017/S003118200006769X Search in Google Scholar

[104] Scaglia M, Bandi C, Novati S, Gatti S, Bernuzzi AM, Corona S, Sacchi L. Respiratory microsporidiosis due to Encephaliltozoon hellem: The first case report in an immunocompetent subject. Parasitol Int. 1998; 47: 203S. ScagliaM BandiC NovatiS GattiS BernuzziAM CoronaS SacchiL Respiratory microsporidiosis due to Encephaliltozoon hellem: The first case report in an immunocompetent subject Parasitol Int 1998 47 203S 10.1016/S1383-5769(98)80529-1 Search in Google Scholar

[105] Müller A, Bialek R, Kämper A, Fätkenheuer G, Salzberger B, Franzen C. Detection of microsporidia in travelers with diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol. 2001; 39: 1630–1632. MüllerA BialekR KämperA FätkenheuerG SalzbergerB FranzenC Detection of microsporidia in travelers with diarrhea J Clin Microbiol 2001 39 1630 1632 10.1128/JCM.39.4.1630-1632.20018798611283103 Search in Google Scholar

[106] Champion L, Durrbach A, Lang P, Delahousse M, Chauvet C, Sarfati C, Glotz D, Molina JM. Fumagillin for treatment of intestinal microsporidiosis in renal transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2010; 10: 1925–1930. ChampionL DurrbachA LangP DelahousseM ChauvetC SarfatiC GlotzD MolinaJM Fumagillin for treatment of intestinal microsporidiosis in renal transplant recipients Am J Transplant 2010 10 1925 1930 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03166.x20636462 Search in Google Scholar

[107] Molina JM, Tourneur M, Sarfati C, Chevret S, de Gouvello A, Gobert JG, Balkan S, Derouin F. Fumagillin treatment of intestinal microsporidiosis. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346: 1963–1969. MolinaJM TourneurM SarfatiC ChevretS de GouvelloA GobertJG BalkanS DerouinF Fumagillin treatment of intestinal microsporidiosis N Engl J Med 2002 346 1963 1969 10.1056/NEJMoa01292412075057 Search in Google Scholar

[108] Audemard A, Le Bellec ML, Carluer L, Dargère S, Verdon R, Castrale C, Lobbedez T, Hurault de Ligny B. Fumagillin-induced aseptic meningoencephalitis in a kidney transplant recipient with microsporidiosis. Transpl Infect Dis. 2012; 14: E147–E149. AudemardA Le BellecML CarluerL DargèreS VerdonR CastraleC LobbedezT Hurault de LignyB Fumagillin-induced aseptic meningoencephalitis in a kidney transplant recipient with microsporidiosis Transpl Infect Dis 2012 14 E147 E149 10.1111/tid.1201023025483 Search in Google Scholar

[109] Kotkova M, Sak B, Kvetonova D, Kvac M. Latent microsporidiosis caused by Encephalitozoo cuniculi in immunocompetent hosts: A murine model demonstrating the ineffectiveness of the immune system and treatment with albendazole. PLoS One. 2013; 8: e60941. KotkovaM SakB KvetonovaD KvacM Latent microsporidiosis caused by Encephalitozoo cuniculi in immunocompetent hosts: A murine model demonstrating the ineffectiveness of the immune system and treatment with albendazole PLoS One 2013 8 e60941 10.1371/journal.pone.0060941362399823593356 Search in Google Scholar

[110] Molina JM, Chastang C, Goguel J, Michiels JF, Sarfati C, Desportes-Livage I, Horton J, Derouin F, Modaï J. Albendazole for treatment and prophylaxis of microsporidiosis due to Encephalitozoon intestinalis in patients with AIDS: A randomized double-blind controlled trial. J Infect Dis. 1998; 177: 1373–1377. MolinaJM ChastangC GoguelJ MichielsJF SarfatiC Desportes-LivageI HortonJ DerouinF ModaïJ Albendazole for treatment and prophylaxis of microsporidiosis due to Encephalitozoon intestinalis in patients with AIDS: A randomized double-blind controlled trial J Infect Dis 1998 177 1373 1377 10.1086/5152689593027 Search in Google Scholar

[111] van Hal SJ, Muthiah K, Matthews G, Harkness J, Stark D, Cooper D, Marriott D. Declining incidence of intestinal microsporidiosis and reduction in AIDS-related mortality following introduction of HAART in Sydney, Australia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2007; 101: 1096–1100. van HalSJ MuthiahK MatthewsG HarknessJ StarkD CooperD MarriottD Declining incidence of intestinal microsporidiosis and reduction in AIDS-related mortality following introduction of HAART in Sydney, Australia Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2007 101 1096 1100 10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.06.00317662322 Search in Google Scholar

[112] Galván AL, Sánchez AM, Valentín MA, Henriques-Gil N, Izquierdo F, Fenoy S, del Aguila C. First cases of microsporidiosis in transplant recipients in Spain and review of the literature. J Clin Microbiol. 2011; 49: 1301–1306. GalvánAL SánchezAM ValentínMA Henriques-GilN IzquierdoF FenoyS del AguilaC First cases of microsporidiosis in transplant recipients in Spain and review of the literature J Clin Microbiol 2011 49 1301 1306 10.1128/JCM.01833-10312278721325545 Search in Google Scholar

[113] Kicia M, Wesolowska M, Jakuszko K, Kopacz Z, Sak B, Květonova D, Krajewska M, Kváč M. Concurrent infection of the urinary tract with Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in a renal transplant recipient. J Clin Microbiol. 2014; 52: 1780–1782. KiciaM WesolowskaM JakuszkoK KopaczZ SakB KvětonovaD KrajewskaM KváčM Concurrent infection of the urinary tract with Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in a renal transplant recipient J Clin Microbiol 2014 52 1780 1782 10.1128/JCM.03328-13399370724523472 Search in Google Scholar