The influence of mineral nutrition and humic acids on the intensity of photosynthesis, as well as the yield and quality of seeds, roots, and aboveground phytomass of milk thistle Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. in marginal growing conditions
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Afshar, R. K., Chaichi, M. R., Alipour, A., Jovini, M. A., Dashtaki, M., & Hashemi, M. (2015). Potential of milk thistle for biomass production in semiarid regions. Crop Science, 55(3), 1,295–1,301.AfsharR. K.ChaichiM. R.AlipourA.JoviniM. A.DashtakiM.HashemiM.2015Potential of milk thistle for biomass production in semiarid regionsCrop Science5531,2951,30110.2135/cropsci2014.10.0678Search in Google Scholar
Afshar, R. K., Chaichi, M. R., Assareh, M. H., Hashemi, M., & Liaghat, A. (2014). Interactive effect of deficit irrigation and soil organic amendments on seed yield and flavonolignan production of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.). Industrial Crops and Products, 58, 166–172.AfsharR. K.ChaichiM. R.AssarehM. H.HashemiM.LiaghatA.2014Interactive effect of deficit irrigation and soil organic amendments on seed yield and flavonolignan production of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.)Industrial Crops and Products5816617210.1016/j.indcrop.2014.03.043Search in Google Scholar
Ahmad, M., Zafar, M., Sultana, S., Azam, A., & Khan, M. A. (2014). The optimization of biodiesel production from a novel source of wild non-edible oil yielding plant Silybum marianum. International Journal of Green Energy, 11(6), 589–594.AhmadM.ZafarM.SultanaS.AzamA.KhanM. A.2014The optimization of biodiesel production from a novel source of wild non-edible oil yielding plant Silybum marianumInternational Journal of Green Energy11658959410.1080/15435075.2013.777910Search in Google Scholar
Alemardan, A., Karkanis, A., & Salehi, R. (2013). Breeding objectives and selection criteria for milk thistle [silybum marianum (L.) gaertn.] improvement. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 41(2), 340–347.AlemardanA.KarkanisA.SalehiR.2013Breeding objectives and selection criteria for milk thistle [silybum marianum (L.) gaertn.] improvementNotulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca41234034710.15835/nbha4129298Search in Google Scholar
Andrzejewska, J., Ignaczak, S., & Martinelli, T. (2017). Effect of seed material preparation on plant emergence and yield of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) gaertn.) in a moderate climate. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Hortorum Cultus, 16(2), 139–148.AndrzejewskaJ.IgnaczakS.MartinelliT.2017Effect of seed material preparation on plant emergence and yield of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) gaertn.) in a moderate climateActa Scientiarum Polonorum, Hortorum Cultus162139148Search in Google Scholar
Andrzejewska, J., Martinelli, T., & Sadowska, K. (2015). Silybum marianum: Non-medical exploitation of the species (Review). Annals of Applied Biology, 167(3), 285–297.AndrzejewskaJ.MartinelliT.SadowskaK.2015Silybum marianum: Non-medical exploitation of the species (Review)Annals of Applied Biology167328529710.1111/aab.12232Search in Google Scholar
Andrzejewska, J., Sadowska, K., & Mielcarek, S. (2011). Effect of sowing date and rate on the yield and flavonolignan content of the fruits of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.) grown on light soil in a moderate climate. Industrial Crops and Products, 33(2), 462–468.AndrzejewskaJ.SadowskaK.MielcarekS.2011Effect of sowing date and rate on the yield and flavonolignan content of the fruits of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.) grown on light soil in a moderate climateIndustrial Crops and Products33246246810.1016/j.indcrop.2010.10.027Search in Google Scholar
Arampatzis, D. A., Karkanis, A. C., & Tsiropoulos, N. G. (2019). Impact of plant density and mepiquat chloride on growth, yield, and silymarin content of silybum marianum grown under mediterranean semi-arid conditions. Agronomy, 9(11), Article number 669.ArampatzisD. A.KarkanisA. C.TsiropoulosN. G.2019Impact of plant density and mepiquat chloride on growth, yield, and silymarin content of silybum marianum grown under mediterranean semi-arid conditionsAgronomy911Article number 669.10.3390/agronomy9110669Search in Google Scholar
Bielski, S. (2021). Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.) achene yield had a positive response to nitrogen fertilization, row spacing, sowing date, and weed control methods. Industrial Crops and Products, 160, Article number 113104BielskiS.2021Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.) achene yield had a positive response to nitrogen fertilization, row spacing, sowing date, and weed control methodsIndustrial Crops and Products160Article number 11310410.1016/j.indcrop.2020.113104Search in Google Scholar
Carrier, D. J., Crowe, T., Sokhansanj, S., Wahab, J., & Barl, B. (2003). Milk thistle, Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., flower head development and associated marker compound profile. Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants, 10(1), 65–74.CarrierD. J.CroweT.SokhansanjS.WahabJ.BarlB.2003Milk thistle, Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., flower head development and associated marker compound profileJournal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants101657410.1300/J044v10n01_08Search in Google Scholar
Cwalina-Ambroziak, B., Wierzbowska, J., Damszel, M., & Bowszys, T. (2012). The effect of mineral fertilization on achenes yield and fungal communities isolated from the stems of milk thistle Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Hortorum Cultus, 11(4), 157–168.Cwalina-AmbroziakB.WierzbowskaJ.DamszelM.BowszysT.2012The effect of mineral fertilization on achenes yield and fungal communities isolated from the stems of milk thistle Silybum marianum (L.) GaertnerActa Scientiarum Polonorum, Hortorum Cultus114157168Search in Google Scholar
Estaji, A., Souri, M. K., & Omidbaigi, R. (2016). Evaluation of nitrogen and flower pruning effects on growth, seed yield and active substances of milk thistle. Journal of Essential Oil-Bearing Plants, 19(3), 678–685.EstajiA.SouriM. K.OmidbaigiR.2016Evaluation of nitrogen and flower pruning effects on growth, seed yield and active substances of milk thistleJournal of Essential Oil-Bearing Plants19367868510.1080/0972060X.2014.981592Search in Google Scholar
Geneva, M., Zehirov, G., Stancheva, I., Iliev, L., & Georgiev, G. (2008). Effect of soil fertilizer, foliar fertilizer, and growth regulator application on milk thistle development, seed yield, and silymarin content. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 39(1–2), 17–24.GenevaM.ZehirovG.StanchevaI.IlievL.GeorgievG.2008Effect of soil fertilizer, foliar fertilizer, and growth regulator application on milk thistle development, seed yield, and silymarin contentCommunications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis391–2172410.1080/00103620701758873Search in Google Scholar
Ghavami, N. & Ramin, A. A. (2008). Grain yield and active substances of milk thistle as affected by soil Salinity. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 39(17–18), 2,608–2,618.GhavamiN.RaminA. A.2008Grain yield and active substances of milk thistle as affected by soil SalinityCommunications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis3917–182,6082,61810.1080/00103620802358672Search in Google Scholar
Giuliani, C., Tani, C., Maleci Bini, L., Fico, G., Colombo, R., & Martinelli, T. (2018). Localization of phenolic compounds in the fruits of Silybum marianum characterized by different silymarin chemotype and altered colour. Fitoterapia, 130, 210–218.GiulianiC.TaniC.Maleci BiniL.FicoG.ColomboR.MartinelliT.2018Localization of phenolic compounds in the fruits of Silybum marianum characterized by different silymarin chemotype and altered colourFitoterapia13021021810.1016/j.fitote.2018.09.00230213759Search in Google Scholar
Gresta, F., Avola, G., & Guarnaccia, P. (2006). Agronomic characterization of some spontaneous genotypes of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.) in Mediterranean environment. Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants, 12(4), 51–60.GrestaF.AvolaG.GuarnacciaP.2006Agronomic characterization of some spontaneous genotypes of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.) in Mediterranean environmentJournal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants124516010.1300/J044v12n04_05Search in Google Scholar
Habán, M., Luščáková, D., Macák, M., & Ražná, K. (2016). The impact of multifunctional crop rotation on the yield of milk thistle fruits in the years 2012–2015. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 17(4), 1,096–1,103.HabánM.LuščákováD.MacákM.RažnáK.2016The impact of multifunctional crop rotation on the yield of milk thistle fruits in the years 2012–2015Journal of Central European Agriculture1741,0961,10310.5513/JCEA01/17.4.1816Search in Google Scholar
Habán, M., Otepka, P., Kobida, L., & Habánová, M. (2009). Production and quality of milk thistle (Silybum marianum [L.] Gaertn.) cultivated in cultural conditions of warm agri-climatic macroregion. Horticultural Science, 36(2), 25–30.HabánM.OtepkaP.KobidaL.HabánováM.2009Production and quality of milk thistle (Silybum marianum [L.] Gaertn.) cultivated in cultural conditions of warm agri-climatic macroregionHorticultural Science362253010.17221/38/2008-HORTSCISearch in Google Scholar
Hammami, H., Saadatian, B., & Hossein, S. A. (2020). Geographical variation in seed germination and biochemical response of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) ecotypes exposed to osmotic and salinity stresses. Industrial Crops and Products, 152, Article number 112507HammamiH.SaadatianB.HosseinS. A.2020Geographical variation in seed germination and biochemical response of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) ecotypes exposed to osmotic and salinity stressesIndustrial Crops and Products152Article number 11250710.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112507Search in Google Scholar
Hammouda, F. M., Ismail, S. I., Hassan, N. M., Zaki, A. K., Kamel, A., & Rimpler, H. (1993). Evaluation of the silymarin content in Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Cultivated agricultural conditions under different. Phytotherapy Research, 7(1), 90–91.HammoudaF. M.IsmailS. I.HassanN. M.ZakiA. K.KamelA.RimplerH.1993Evaluation of the silymarin content in Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Cultivated agricultural conditions under differentPhytotherapy Research71909110.1002/ptr.2650070122Search in Google Scholar
Jahan, N., Khalil-ur-Rahmanb, Basra, S. M. A., Sajid, S., & Afzal, I. (2016). Seed enhancement of Silybum marianum and optimization of silymarin extraction. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 18(2), 464–470.JahanN.Khalil-ur-RahmanbBasraS. M. A.SajidS.AfzalI.2016Seed enhancement of Silybum marianum and optimization of silymarin extractionInternational Journal of Agriculture and Biology18246447010.17957/IJAB/15.0139Search in Google Scholar
Karkanis, A., Bilalis, D., & Efthimiadou, A. (2011). Cultivation of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.), a medicinal weed (Review). Industrial Crops and Products, 34(1), 825–830.KarkanisA.BilalisD.EfthimiadouA.2011Cultivation of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.), a medicinal weed (Review)Industrial Crops and Products34182583010.1016/j.indcrop.2011.03.027Search in Google Scholar
Keshavarz Afshar, R., Chaichi, M. R., Rezaei, K., Asareh, M. H., Karimi, M., & Hashemi, M. (2015). Irrigation regime and organic fertilizers influence on oil content and fatty acid composition of milk thistle seeds. Agronomy Journal, 107(1), 187–194.Keshavarz AfsharR.ChaichiM. R.RezaeiK.AsarehM. H.KarimiM.HashemiM.2015Irrigation regime and organic fertilizers influence on oil content and fatty acid composition of milk thistle seedsAgronomy Journal107118719410.2134/agronj14.0368Search in Google Scholar
Martinelli, T. (2020). Plant morphology, vegetative biomass composition and energy content of three different Silybum marianum accessions. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Hortorum Cultus, 19(6), 71–78.MartinelliT.2020Plant morphology, vegetative biomass composition and energy content of three different Silybum marianum accessionsActa Scientiarum Polonorum, Hortorum Cultus196717810.24326/asphc.2020.6.6Search in Google Scholar
Mosavikia, A. A., Mosavi, S. G., Seghatoleslami, M., & Baradaran, R. (2020). Chitosan nanoparticle and pyridoxine seed priming improves tolerance to salinity in milk thistle seedling [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.]. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 48(1), 221–233.MosavikiaA. A.MosaviS. G.SeghatoleslamiM.BaradaranR.2020Chitosan nanoparticle and pyridoxine seed priming improves tolerance to salinity in milk thistle seedling [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.]Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca48122123310.15835/nbha48111777Search in Google Scholar
Naeeni, F. N., Moghadam, A. R. L., Moradi, P., Rezaei, M., & Abdoosi, V. (2018). Quantitative and qualitative response of milk thistle (Silybum Marianum) to application of humic acid and mycorrhizal fungi. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 50(4), 1,615–1,620.NaeeniF. N.MoghadamA. R. L.MoradiP.RezaeiM.AbdoosiV.2018Quantitative and qualitative response of milk thistle (Silybum Marianum) to application of humic acid and mycorrhizal fungiPakistan Journal of Botany5041,6151,620Search in Google Scholar
Omer, E. A., Refaat, A. M., Ahmed, S. S., Kamel, A., & Hammouda, F. M. 1993. Effect of spacing and fertilization on the yield and active constituents of milk thistle, silybum marianum. Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants, 1(4), 17–23.OmerE. A.RefaatA. M.AhmedS. S.KamelA.HammoudaF. M.1993Effect of spacing and fertilization on the yield and active constituents of milk thistle, silybum marianumJournal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants14172310.1300/J044v01n04_04Search in Google Scholar
Omidbaigi, R., Karimzadeh, G., & Koshki, M. H. (2003). A study on the influence of sowing date and plant density on the productivity of Silybum marianum and the characteristics correlation. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transaction B: Technology, 27(1), 203–212.OmidbaigiR.KarimzadehG.KoshkiM. H.2003A study on the influence of sowing date and plant density on the productivity of Silybum marianum and the characteristics correlationIranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transaction B: Technology271203212Search in Google Scholar
Qavami, N., Naghdi Badi, H., Labbafi, M. R., & Mehrafarin, A. (2013). A review on pharmacological, cultivation and biotechnology aspects of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) (Review). Journal of Medicinal Plants, 12(47), 19–37.QavamiN.Naghdi BadiH.LabbafiM. R.MehrafarinA.2013A review on pharmacological, cultivation and biotechnology aspects of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) (Review)Journal of Medicinal Plants12471937Search in Google Scholar
Rahimi, A. & Kamali, M. (2012). Different planting date and fertilizing system effects on the seed yield, essential oil and nutrition uptake of Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn). Advances in Environmental Biology, 6(5), 1,789–1,796.RahimiA.KamaliM.2012Different planting date and fertilizing system effects on the seed yield, essential oil and nutrition uptake of Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn)Advances in Environmental Biology651,7891,796Search in Google Scholar
Rosińska, A., Dorna, H., Szopińska, D., Irzykowska, L., & Seidler Lykowska, K. (2018). Evaluation of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) seed germination in relation to seed health and seedling emergence. Herba Polonica, Vol. 64(3), 1–10.RosińskaA.DornaH.SzopińskaD.IrzykowskaL.Seidler LykowskaK.2018Evaluation of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) seed germination in relation to seed health and seedling emergenceHerba Polonica64311010.2478/hepo-2018-0013Search in Google Scholar
Safikhan, S., Khoshbakht, K., Chaichi, M. R., & Amini, A., Motesharezadeh, B. (2018). Role of chitosan on the growth, physiological parameters and enzymatic activity of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) in a pot experiment. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 10, 49–58.SafikhanS.KhoshbakhtK.ChaichiM. R.AminiA.MotesharezadehB.2018Role of chitosan on the growth, physiological parameters and enzymatic activity of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) in a pot experimentJournal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants10495810.1016/j.jarmap.2018.06.002Search in Google Scholar
Školníková, M., Škarpa, P., & Ryant, P. (2019). Effect of nitrogen fertilization on yield and quality of milk thistle [silybum marianum L. (gaertn.)] achenes. Journal of Elementology, 24(2), 701–710.ŠkolníkováM.ŠkarpaP.RyantP.2019Effect of nitrogen fertilization on yield and quality of milk thistle [silybum marianum L. (gaertn.)] achenesJournal of Elementology24270171010.5601/jelem.2018.23.4.1606Search in Google Scholar
Tsiaousi, A., Vasilakoglou, I., Gravalos, I., & Koutroubas, S. D. (2019). Comparison of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) and cardoon (Cynara cardunculus) productivity for energy biomass under weedy and weedfree conditions. European Journal of Agronomy, 110, Article number 125924TsiaousiA.VasilakoglouI.GravalosI.KoutroubasS. D.2019Comparison of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) and cardoon (Cynara cardunculus) productivity for energy biomass under weedy and weedfree conditionsEuropean Journal of Agronomy110Article number 12592410.1016/j.eja.2019.125924Search in Google Scholar
Vaknin, Y., Hadas, R., Schafferman, D., Murkhovsky, L., & Bashan, N. (2008). The potential of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.), an Israeli native, as a source of edible sprouts rich in antioxidants. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 59(4), 339–346.VakninY.HadasR.SchaffermanD.MurkhovskyL.BashanN.2008The potential of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.), an Israeli native, as a source of edible sprouts rich in antioxidantsInternational Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition59433934610.1080/0963748070155409517852500Search in Google Scholar
Yaldiz, G. (2017). Effects of potassium sulfate [K2SO4] on the element contents, polyphenol content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of milk thistle [Silybum marianum]. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 13(49), 102–107.YaldizG.2017Effects of potassium sulfate [K2SO4] on the element contents, polyphenol content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of milk thistle [Silybum marianum]Pharmacognosy Magazine1349102107Search in Google Scholar
Zheljazkov, V. D., Zhalnov, I., & Nedkov, N. K. (2006). Herbicides for weed control in blessed thistle (Silybum marianum). Weed Technology, 20(4) 1,030–1,034.ZheljazkovV. D.ZhalnovI.NedkovN. K.2006Herbicides for weed control in blessed thistle (Silybum marianum)Weed Technology2041,0301,03410.1614/WT-05-135.1Search in Google Scholar
Wierzbowska, J. (2013). Effect of fertilization on the content of macronutrients in fruits of milk thistle (Silybum Marianum L. Gaertn.). Journal of Elementology, 18(4), 723–732.WierzbowskaJ.2013Effect of fertilization on the content of macronutrients in fruits of milk thistle (Silybum Marianum L. Gaertn.)Journal of Elementology18472373210.5601/jelem.2013.18.4.533Search in Google Scholar