Crosstalks Among Cancer Stem Cells and Histopathologic Features in Determining Prognosis in Canine Mammary Gland Carcinomas

The purpose of the present work was the evaluation of the prognostic potential of histopathologic features, cancer stem cells (CSCs), and epthelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in relation to lymph node status and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) in canine mammary gland carcinomas (CMGCs). CSCs are proposed as the main cause of tumorigenesis, therapy failure, and recurrence which form a small fraction of tumor bulk. We evaluated presence of micropapillary growth pattern (MGP), infiltration into surrounding tissues (IST), and vasculogenic mimicry (VM) in H&E stained slides of 26 paraffin-embedded tumor samples. Lymph nodes of all cases were assessed. Additionally, they were examined immunohistochemically in terms of vimentin expression as an indicator of EMT which is a well-known mechanism for metastasis, and CD44, CD24, and ALDH1 for CSCs detection. Data analyses showed significant relationships between MGP and CSCs (P = 0.037), VM and CSCs (P = 0.013), lymph node status and CSCs (P = 0.0001), lymph node status and EMT (P = 0.003), IST and LVI (P = 0.05), VM and LVI (P = 0.01), VM and lymph node status (P = 0.007), and LVI and lymph node status (P = 0.04). Results indicated the prognostic value of MGP, VM, and CSCs with respect to confirmed prognostic markers, including LVI and lymph node involvement, in CMGCs.