Unraveling the mechanisms underlying air pollution-induced dysfunction of the oral–gut–brain axis: implications for human health and well-being

Air pollution exposure has become an international health issue that poses many risks to life and health. The bidirectional regulatory network, known as the oral–gut–brain axis connects the oral cavity, intestine, and central nervous system, as well as its influence on health outcomes from exposure to air pollution is receiving increased attention. This article systematically details the epidemiological evidence linking air pollutants to diseases affecting the oral, respiratory, intestinal, and nervous systems, while also explaining the route of air pollutants via the oral–gut–brain axis. The oral–gut–brain axis anomalies resulting from air pollution and their underlying molecular processes are also covered. The study provides a fresh viewpoint on how exposure to air pollution affects health and investigates cutting-edge preventative and therapeutic techniques.