Reaching for Unique Resources: Structural Holes and Specialization in Scientific Collaboration Networks

Abramo, Giovanni, Ciriaco Andrea D’Angelo, and Marco Solazzi. 2010. “The Relationship Between Scientists’ Research Performance and the Degree of Internationalization of Their Research.” Scientometrics 86 3: 629–43. Abramo Giovanni Ciriaco Andrea D’Angelo , and Marco Solazzi . 2010 . “The Relationship Between Scientists’ Research Performance and the Degree of Internationalization of Their Research.” Scientometrics 86 3 : 629 – 43 . Search in Google Scholar

Albarrán, Pedro, Raquel Carrasco, and Javier Ruiz-Castillo. 2017. “Geographic Mobility and Research Productivity in a Selection of Top World Economics Departments.” Scientometrics 111 1: 241–65. Albarrán Pedro Raquel Carrasco , and Javier Ruiz-Castillo . 2017 . “Geographic Mobility and Research Productivity in a Selection of Top World Economics Departments.” Scientometrics 111 1 : 241 – 65 . 10.1007/s11192-017-2245-x Search in Google Scholar

Allen, Thomas J. 1977. Managing the Flow of Technology: Technology Transfer and the Dissemination of Technological Information Within the R&D Organization. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Allen Thomas J. 1977 . Managing the Flow of Technology: Technology Transfer and the Dissemination of Technological Information Within the R&D Organization . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press . Search in Google Scholar

Andrade, Helga Bermeo, Ernesto de Los Reyes Lopez, and Tomas Bonavia Martin. 2009. “Dimensions of Scientific Collaboration and Its Contribution to the Academic Research Groups’ Scientific Quality.” Research Evaluation 18 4: 301–11. Andrade Helga Bermeo Ernesto de Los Reyes Lopez , and Tomas Bonavia Martin . 2009 . “Dimensions of Scientific Collaboration and Its Contribution to the Academic Research Groups’ Scientific Quality.” Research Evaluation 18 4 : 301 – 11 . 10.3152/095820209X451041 Search in Google Scholar

Bates, Douglas, Martin Mächler, Ben Bolker, and Steve Walker. 2015. “Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4.” Journal of Statistical Software 67 (1): 1–48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01. Bates Douglas Martin Mächler Ben Bolker , and Steve Walker . 2015 . “Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4.” Journal of Statistical Software 67 ( 1 ): 1 – 48 . https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01 . 10.18637/jss.v067.i01 Search in Google Scholar

Bazerman, Charles. 1983. “Scientific Writing as a Social Act: A Review of the Literature of the Sociology of Science.” In New Essays in Technical and Scientific Communication: Research, Theory, Practice, edited by Paul V. Anderson, John R. Brockmann, and Carolyn R. Miller, 156–84. New York: Routledge. Bazerman Charles . 1983 . “Scientific Writing as a Social Act: A Review of the Literature of the Sociology of Science.” In New Essays in Technical and Scientific Communication: Research, Theory, Practice , edited by Paul V. Anderson John R. Brockmann , and Carolyn R. Miller , 156 – 84 . New York : Routledge . 10.2190/NETC8 Search in Google Scholar

Bearman, Peter. 1997. “Generalized Exchange.” American Journal of Sociology 102 (5): 1383–1415. Bearman Peter . 1997 . “Generalized Exchange.” American Journal of Sociology 102 ( 5 ): 1383 – 1415 . 10.1086/231087 Search in Google Scholar

Beaver, Donald DeB. 2001. “Reflections on Scientific Collaboration (and Its Study): Past, Present, and Future.” Scientometrics 52 3: 365–77. Beaver Donald DeB . 2001 . “Reflections on Scientific Collaboration (and Its Study): Past, Present, and Future.” Scientometrics 52 3 : 365 – 77 . 10.1023/A:1014254214337 Search in Google Scholar

Beaver, Donald DeB., and Richard Rosen. 1979. “Studies in Scientific Collaboration Part III. Professionalization and the Natural History of Modern Scientific Co-Authorship.” Scientometrics 1 3: 231–45. Beaver Donald DeB. , and Richard Rosen . 1979 . “Studies in Scientific Collaboration Part III. Professionalization and the Natural History of Modern Scientific Co-Authorship.” Scientometrics 1 3 : 231 – 45 . 10.1007/BF02016308 Search in Google Scholar

Bellotti, Elisa. 2012. “Getting Funded. Multi-Level Network of Physicists in Italy.” Social Networks 34 2: 215–29. Bellotti Elisa . 2012 . “Getting Funded. Multi-Level Network of Physicists in Italy.” Social Networks 34 2 : 215 – 29 . 10.1016/j.socnet.2011.12.002 Search in Google Scholar

Blau, Peter M. 1994. The Organization of Academic Work. New York, NY: Routledges. Blau Peter M. 1994 . The Organization of Academic Work . New York, NY : Routledges . Search in Google Scholar

Bojanowski, Michal, Dominika Czerniawska, and Wojciech Fenrich. 2020. “Academic Collaboration via Resource Contributions: An Egocentric Dataset.” Connections 40 1: 25–30. Bojanowski Michal Dominika Czerniawska , and Wojciech Fenrich . 2020 . “Academic Collaboration via Resource Contributions: An Egocentric Dataset.” Connections 40 1 : 25 – 30 . 10.21307/connections-2019.010 Search in Google Scholar

Bojanowski, Michał. 2017. Lspline: Linear Splines with Convenient Parametrisations. https://cran.r-project.org/package=lspline. Bojanowski Michał . 2017 . Lspline: Linear Splines with Convenient Parametrisations . https://cran.r-project.org/package=lspline . Search in Google Scholar

Bordons, Maria, M Zulueta, F Romero, and Santos Barrigón. 1999. “Measuring Interdisciplinary Collaboration Within a University: The Effects of the Multidisciplinary Research Programme.” Scientometrics 46 3: 383–98. Bordons Maria M Zulueta F Romero , and Santos Barrigón . 1999 . “Measuring Interdisciplinary Collaboration Within a University: The Effects of the Multidisciplinary Research Programme.” Scientometrics 46 3 : 383 – 98 . 10.1007/BF02459599 Search in Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1988. Homo Academicus. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Bourdieu Pierre . 1988 . Homo Academicus . Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press . Search in Google Scholar

Boyer, Ernest L. 1997. Scholarship Reconsidered: Priorities of the Professoriate. Hoboken, NJ: Jossey-Bass. Boyer Ernest L. 1997 . Scholarship Reconsidered: Priorities of the Professoriate . Hoboken, NJ : Jossey-Bass . Search in Google Scholar

Burt, Ronald S. 1995. Structural Holes. The Social Structure of Competition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Burt Ronald S. 1995 . Structural Holes. The Social Structure of Competition . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . Search in Google Scholar

Burt, Ronald S.. 2004. “Structural Holes and Good Ideas.” American Journal of Sociology 110 2: 349–99. Burt Ronald S. . 2004 . “Structural Holes and Good Ideas.” American Journal of Sociology 110 2 : 349 – 99 . 10.1086/421787 Search in Google Scholar

Cheng, Qing, Xin Lu, Zhong Liu, and Jincai Huang. 2015. “Mining Research Trends with Anomaly Detection Models: The Case of Social Computing Research.” Scientometrics 103 (2): 453–69. Cheng Qing Xin Lu Zhong Liu , and Jincai Huang . 2015 . “Mining Research Trends with Anomaly Detection Models: The Case of Social Computing Research.” Scientometrics 103 ( 2 ): 453 – 69 . 10.1007/s11192-015-1559-9 Search in Google Scholar

Choi, Seung-Seok, Sung-Hyuk Cha, and Charles C Tappert. 2010. “A Survey of Binary Similarity and Distance Measures.” Journal of Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics 8 1: 43–48. Choi Seung-Seok Sung-Hyuk Cha , and Charles C Tappert . 2010 . “A Survey of Binary Similarity and Distance Measures.” Journal of Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics 8 1 : 43 – 48 . Search in Google Scholar

Coleman, James S. 1994. Foundations of Social Theory. Harvard, MA: Harvard University Press. Coleman James S. 1994 . Foundations of Social Theory . Harvard, MA : Harvard University Press . Search in Google Scholar

Collins, Harry M. 1974. “The Tea Set: Tacit Knowledge and Scientific Networks.” Social Studies of Science 4 2: 165–85. Collins Harry M . 1974 . “The Tea Set: Tacit Knowledge and Scientific Networks.” Social Studies of Science 4 2 : 165 – 85 . 10.1177/030631277400400203 Search in Google Scholar

Cook, Karen S, ed. 1987. Social Exchange Theory. London: Sage. Cook Karen S , ed. 1987 . Social Exchange Theory . London : Sage . Search in Google Scholar

CorrêaJr, Edilson A., Filipi N. Silva, Luciano da F. Costa, and Diego R. Amancio. 2017. “Patterns of Authors Contribution in Scientific Manuscripts.” Journal of Informetrics 11 (2): 498–510. Corrêa Jr Edilson A. Filipi N. Silva Luciano da F. Costa , and Diego R. Amancio . 2017 . “Patterns of Authors Contribution in Scientific Manuscripts.” Journal of Informetrics 11 ( 2 ): 498 – 510 . 10.1016/j.joi.2017.03.003 Search in Google Scholar

Crossley, Nick, Elisa Bellotti, Gemma Edwards, Martin G Everett, Johan Koskinen, and Mark Tranmer. 2015. Social Network Analysis for Ego-Nets: Social Network Analysis for Actor-Centred Networks. London: Sage. Crossley Nick Elisa Bellotti Gemma Edwards Martin G Everett Johan Koskinen , and Mark Tranmer . 2015 . Social Network Analysis for Ego-Nets: Social Network Analysis for Actor-Centred Networks . London : Sage . 10.4135/9781473911871 Search in Google Scholar

Csardi, Gabor, and Tamas Nepusz. 2006. “The Igraph Software Package for Complex Network Research.” InterJournal Complex Systems, 1695. http://igraph.org. Csardi Gabor , and Tamas Nepusz . 2006 . “The Igraph Software Package for Complex Network Research.” InterJournal Complex Systems , 1695 . http://igraph.org. Search in Google Scholar

Ekeh, Peter Palmer. 1974. Social Exchange Theory: The Two Traditions. Harvard, MA: Harvard University Press. Ekeh Peter Palmer . 1974 . Social Exchange Theory: The Two Traditions . Harvard, MA : Harvard University Press . Search in Google Scholar

Freeman, Richard B, Ina Ganguli, and Raviv Murciano-Goroff. 2015. “Why and Wherefore of Increased Scientific Collaboration.” In The Changing Frontier: Rethinking Science and Innovation Policy, edited by Adam Jaffe and Benjamin Jones. National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Chicago Press. Freeman Richard B Ina Ganguli , and Raviv Murciano-Goroff . 2015 . “Why and Wherefore of Increased Scientific Collaboration.” In The Changing Frontier: Rethinking Science and Innovation Policy , edited by Adam Jaffe and Benjamin Jones . National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Chicago Press . 10.7208/chicago/9780226286860.003.0002 Search in Google Scholar

Gatfield, Terry. 2005. “An Investigation into Phd Supervisory Management Styles: Development of a Dynamic Conceptual Model and Its Managerial Implications.” Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management 27 3: 311–25. Gatfield Terry . 2005 . “An Investigation into Phd Supervisory Management Styles: Development of a Dynamic Conceptual Model and Its Managerial Implications.” Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management 27 3 : 311 – 25 . 10.1080/13600800500283585 Search in Google Scholar

Gibbons, Michael, Camille Limoges, Helga Nowotny, Simon Schwartzman, Peter Scott, and Martin Trow. 1994. The New Production of Knowledge: The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies. London: Sage. Gibbons Michael Camille Limoges Helga Nowotny Simon Schwartzman Peter Scott , and Martin Trow . 1994 . The New Production of Knowledge: The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies . London : Sage . Search in Google Scholar

Hagstrom, Warren O. 1964. “Traditional and Modern Forms of Scientific Teamwork.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 241–63. Hagstrom Warren O . 1964 . “Traditional and Modern Forms of Scientific Teamwork.” Administrative Science Quarterly , 241 – 63 . Search in Google Scholar

Hanneman, Robert A, and Mark Riddle. 2005. Introduction to Social Network Methods. Riverside, CA: University of California Riverside. Hanneman Robert A , and Mark Riddle . 2005 . Introduction to Social Network Methods . Riverside, CA : University of California Riverside . Search in Google Scholar

Hildrun, Kretschmer, Pudovkin Alexander, and Stegmann Johannes. 2012. “Research Evaluation. Part II: Gender Effects of Evaluation: Are Men More Productive and More Cited Than Women?” Scientometrics 93 1: 17–30. Hildrun Kretschmer Pudovkin Alexander , and Stegmann Johannes . 2012 . “Research Evaluation. Part II: Gender Effects of Evaluation: Are Men More Productive and More Cited Than Women?” Scientometrics 93 1 : 17 – 30 . 10.1007/s11192-012-0658-0 Search in Google Scholar

Jian, Du, and Tang Xiaoli. 2013. “Perceptions of Author Order Versus Contribution Among Researchers with Different Professional Ranks and the Potential of Harmonic Counts for Encouraging Ethical Co-Authorship Practices.” Scientometrics 96 1: 277–95. Jian Du , and Tang Xiaoli . 2013 . “Perceptions of Author Order Versus Contribution Among Researchers with Different Professional Ranks and the Potential of Harmonic Counts for Encouraging Ethical Co-Authorship Practices.” Scientometrics 96 1 : 277 – 95 . 10.1007/s11192-012-0905-4 Search in Google Scholar

Jones, Benjamin F., Stefan Wuchty, and Brian Uzzi. 2008. “Multi-University Research Teams: Shifting Impact, Geography, and Stratification in Science.” Science 322 (5905): 1259–62. Jones Benjamin F. Stefan Wuchty , and Brian Uzzi . 2008 . “Multi-University Research Teams: Shifting Impact, Geography, and Stratification in Science.” Science 322 ( 5905 ): 1259 – 62 . 10.1126/science.1158357 Search in Google Scholar

Katz, J Sylvan, and Ben R Martin. 1997. “What Is Research Collaboration?” Research Policy 26 1: 1–18. Katz J Sylvan , and Ben R Martin . 1997 . “What Is Research Collaboration?” Research Policy 26 1 : 1 – 18 . 10.1016/S0048-7333(96)00917-1 Search in Google Scholar

Katz, Ralph, and Michael Tushman. 1981. “An Investigation into the Managerial Roles and Career Paths of Gatekeepers and Project Supervisors in a Major R & d Facility.” R&D Management 11 3: 103–10. Katz Ralph , and Michael Tushman . 1981 . “An Investigation into the Managerial Roles and Career Paths of Gatekeepers and Project Supervisors in a Major R & d Facility.” R&D Management 11 3 : 103 – 10 . 10.1111/j.1467-9310.1981.tb00458.x Search in Google Scholar

Knorr-Cetina, Karin. 2009. Epistemic Cultures: How the Sciences Make Knowledge. Harvard, MA: Harvard University Press. Knorr-Cetina Karin . 2009 . Epistemic Cultures: How the Sciences Make Knowledge . Harvard, MA : Harvard University Press . 10.2307/j.ctvxw3q7f Search in Google Scholar

Kuwabara, Ko, Jiao Luo, and Oliver Sheldon. 2010. “Multiplex Exchange Relations.” Advances in Group Processes 27: 239–68. Kuwabara Ko Jiao Luo , and Oliver Sheldon . 2010 . “Multiplex Exchange Relations.” Advances in Group Processes 27 : 239 – 68 . 10.1108/S0882-6145(2010)0000027012 Search in Google Scholar

Latour, Bruno, and Steve Woolgar. 2013. Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Latour Bruno , and Steve Woolgar . 2013 . Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts . Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press . Search in Google Scholar

Laudel, Grit. 2001. “Collaboration, Creativity and Rewards: Why and How Scientists Collaborate.” International Journal of Technology Management 22 (7-8): 762–81. Laudel Grit . 2001 . “Collaboration, Creativity and Rewards: Why and How Scientists Collaborate.” International Journal of Technology Management 22 ( 7-8 ): 762 – 81 . Search in Google Scholar

Lazarowicz-Kowalik, Marta. 2015. “Anatomia Sukcesu W Nauce. Studium Socjologiczne Laureatów Konkursów Fundacji na rzecz Nauki Polskiej.” PhD thesis, Warsaw: University of Warsaw. Lazarowicz-Kowalik Marta . 2015 . “Anatomia Sukcesu W Nauce. Studium Socjologiczne Laureatów Konkursów Fundacji na rzecz Nauki Polskiej.” PhD thesis , Warsaw : University of Warsaw . Search in Google Scholar

Lazega, Emmanuel, Marie-Therese Jourda, Lise Mounier, and Rafael Stofer. 2008. “Catching up with Big Fish in the Big Pond? Multi-Level Network Analysis Through Linked Design.” Social Networks 30 2: 159–76. Lazega Emmanuel Marie-Therese Jourda Lise Mounier , and Rafael Stofer . 2008 . “Catching up with Big Fish in the Big Pond? Multi-Level Network Analysis Through Linked Design.” Social Networks 30 2 : 159 – 76 . 10.1016/j.socnet.2008.02.001 Search in Google Scholar

Lazega, Emmanuel, and Philippa E. Pattison. 1999. “Multiplexity, Generalized Exchange and Cooperation in Organizations: A Case Study.” Social Networks 21 1: 67–90. Lazega Emmanuel , and Philippa E. Pattison . 1999 . “Multiplexity, Generalized Exchange and Cooperation in Organizations: A Case Study.” Social Networks 21 1 : 67 – 90 . 10.1016/S0378-8733(99)00002-7 Search in Google Scholar

Leahey, Erin. 2016. “From Sole Investigator to Team Scientist: Trends in the Practice and Study of Research Collaboration.” Annual Review of Sociology 42: 81–100. Leahey Erin . 2016 . “From Sole Investigator to Team Scientist: Trends in the Practice and Study of Research Collaboration.” Annual Review of Sociology 42 : 81 – 100 . 10.1146/annurev-soc-081715-074219 Search in Google Scholar

Levandowsky, Michael, and David Winter. 1971. “Distance Between Sets.” Nature 234 5323: 34–35. Levandowsky Michael , and David Winter . 1971 . “Distance Between Sets.” Nature 234 5323 : 34 – 35 . 10.1038/234034a0 Search in Google Scholar

Lewis, Jenny M, Sandy Ross, and Thomas Holden. 2012. “The How and Why of Academic Collaboration: Disciplinary Differences and Policy Implications.” Higher Education 64 5: 693–708. Lewis Jenny M Sandy Ross , and Thomas Holden . 2012 . “The How and Why of Academic Collaboration: Disciplinary Differences and Policy Implications.” Higher Education 64 5 : 693 – 708 . 10.1007/s10734-012-9521-8 Search in Google Scholar

Lopaciuk-Gonczaryk, Beata. 2016. “Collaboration Strategies for Publishing Articles in International Journals–a Study of Polish Scientists in Economics.” Social Networks 44: 50–63. Lopaciuk-Gonczaryk Beata . 2016 . “Collaboration Strategies for Publishing Articles in International Journals–a Study of Polish Scientists in Economics.” Social Networks 44 : 50 – 63 . 10.1016/j.socnet.2015.07.001 Search in Google Scholar

Merton, Robert K. 1973. The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Merton Robert K. 1973 . The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations . Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press . Search in Google Scholar

Merton, Robert K, and Elinor Barber. 2006. The Travels and Adventures of Serendipity: A Study in Sociological Semantics and the Sociology of Science. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Merton Robert K , and Elinor Barber . 2006 . The Travels and Adventures of Serendipity: A Study in Sociological Semantics and the Sociology of Science . Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press . Search in Google Scholar

Mirowski, Philip. 2011. Science-Mart. Harvard, MA: Harvard University Press. Mirowski Philip . 2011 . Science-Mart . Harvard, MA : Harvard University Press . 10.4159/harvard.9780674061132 Search in Google Scholar

Moody, James. 2004. “The Structure of a Social Science Collaboration Network: Disciplinary Cohesion from 1963 to 1999.” American Sociological Review 69 2: 213–38. Moody James . 2004 . “The Structure of a Social Science Collaboration Network: Disciplinary Cohesion from 1963 to 1999.” American Sociological Review 69 2 : 213 – 38 . 10.1177/000312240406900204 Search in Google Scholar

Nobre, Gustavo Cattelan, and Elaine Tavares. 2017. “Scientific Literature Analysis on Big Data and Internet of Things Applications on Circular Economy: A Bibliometric Study.” Scientometrics 111 1: 463–92. Nobre Gustavo Cattelan , and Elaine Tavares . 2017 . “Scientific Literature Analysis on Big Data and Internet of Things Applications on Circular Economy: A Bibliometric Study.” Scientometrics 111 1 : 463 – 92 . 10.1007/s11192-017-2281-6 Search in Google Scholar

Pattison, Philippa, and Stanley Wasserman. 1999. “Logit Models and Logistic Regressions for Social Networks: II. Multivariate Relations.” British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology 52 2: 169–93. Pattison Philippa , and Stanley Wasserman . 1999 . “Logit Models and Logistic Regressions for Social Networks: II. Multivariate Relations.” British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology 52 2 : 169 – 93 . 10.1348/000711099159053 Search in Google Scholar

Perkin, Harold. 2007. “History of Universities.” In International Handbook of Higher Education, edited by James J. F. Forest and Philip G. Altbach, 159–205. New York, NY: Springer. Perkin Harold . 2007 . “History of Universities.” In International Handbook of Higher Education , edited by James J. F. Forest and Philip G. Altbach , 159 – 205 . New York, NY : Springer . 10.1007/978-1-4020-4012-2_10 Search in Google Scholar

Podolny, Joel M, and James N Baron. 1997. “Resources and Relationships: Social Networks and Mobility in the Workplace.” American Sociological Review 62 5: 673–93. Podolny Joel M , and James N Baron . 1997 . “Resources and Relationships: Social Networks and Mobility in the Workplace.” American Sociological Review 62 5 : 673 – 93 . 10.2307/2657354 Search in Google Scholar

Popper, Karl R. 1972. Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach. Oxford: Clarendon Press Oxford. Popper Karl R. 1972 . Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach . Oxford : Clarendon Press Oxford . Search in Google Scholar

Powell, Walter W, and Jason Owen-Smith. 2012. “An Open Elite: Arbiters, Catalysts, or Gatekeepers in the Dynamics of Industry Evolution?” In The Emergence of Organizations and Markets, edited by John F Padgett and Walter W Powell, 466–95. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Powell Walter W , and Jason Owen-Smith . 2012 . “An Open Elite: Arbiters, Catalysts, or Gatekeepers in the Dynamics of Industry Evolution?” In The Emergence of Organizations and Markets , edited by John F Padgett and Walter W Powell , 466 – 95 . Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press . 10.23943/princeton/9780691148670.003.0015 Search in Google Scholar

Qin, Jian. 1994. “An Investigation of Research Collaboration in the Sciences Through the Philosophical Transactions 1901–1991.” Scientometrics 29 2: 219–38. Qin Jian . 1994 . “An Investigation of Research Collaboration in the Sciences Through the Philosophical Transactions 1901–1991.” Scientometrics 29 2 : 219 – 38 . 10.1007/BF02017974 Search in Google Scholar

R Core Team. 2017. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/. R Core Team . 2017 . R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing . Vienna, Austria : R Foundation for Statistical Computing . https://www.R-project.org/ . Search in Google Scholar

Resnik, David B. 2006. The Price of Truth: How Money Affects the Norms of Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Resnik David B. 2006 . The Price of Truth: How Money Affects the Norms of Science . Oxford : Oxford University Press . 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195309782.001.0001 Search in Google Scholar

Ridley, Matt. 2011. The Rational Optimist: How Prosperity Evolves. New York: Harper Perennial. Ridley Matt. 2011 . The Rational Optimist: How Prosperity Evolves . New York : Harper Perennial . 10.26522/brocked.v21i2.280 Search in Google Scholar

Schummer, Joachim. 2004. “Multidisciplinarity, Interdisciplinarity, and Patterns of Research Collaboration in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology.” Scientometrics 59 3: 425–65. Schummer Joachim . 2004 . “Multidisciplinarity, Interdisciplinarity, and Patterns of Research Collaboration in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology.” Scientometrics 59 3 : 425 – 65 . 10.1023/B:SCIE.0000018542.71314.38 Search in Google Scholar

Schweinberger, Michael. 2011. “Instability, Sensitivity, and Degeneracy of Discrete Exponential Families.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 106 496: 1361–70. Schweinberger Michael . 2011 . “Instability, Sensitivity, and Degeneracy of Discrete Exponential Families.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 106 496 : 1361 – 70 . 10.1198/jasa.2011.tm10747 Search in Google Scholar

Siegel, Donald S, David A Waldman, Leanne E Atwater, and Albert N Link. 2003. “Commercial Knowledge Transfers from Universities to Firms: Improving the Effectiveness of University–Industry Collaboration.” The Journal of High Technology Management Research 14 1: 111–33. Siegel Donald S David A Waldman Leanne E Atwater , and Albert N Link . 2003 . “Commercial Knowledge Transfers from Universities to Firms: Improving the Effectiveness of University–Industry Collaboration.” The Journal of High Technology Management Research 14 1 : 111 – 33 . 10.1016/S1047-8310(03)00007-5 Search in Google Scholar

Simmel, Georg. 1972. Sociology: On Individuality and Social Forms. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Simmel Georg . 1972 . Sociology: On Individuality and Social Forms . Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press . Search in Google Scholar

Sonnenwald, Diane H. 2007. “Scientific Collaboration.” Annual Review of Information Science and Technology 41 1: 643–81. Sonnenwald Diane H . 2007 . “Scientific Collaboration.” Annual Review of Information Science and Technology 41 1 : 643 – 81 . 10.1002/aris.2007.1440410121 Search in Google Scholar

Terekhov, Alexander I. 2017. “Bibliometric Spectroscopy of Russia’s Nanotechnology: 2000–2014.” Scientometrics 110: 1217–42. Terekhov Alexander I . 2017 . “Bibliometric Spectroscopy of Russia’s Nanotechnology: 2000–2014.” Scientometrics 110 : 1217 – 42 . 10.1007/s11192-016-2234-5 Search in Google Scholar

Tiwana, Amrit, and Mark Keil. 2007. “Does Peripheral Knowledge Complement Control? An Empirical Test in Technology Outsourcing Alliances.” Strategic Management Journal 28 6: 623–34. Tiwana Amrit , and Mark Keil . 2007 . “Does Peripheral Knowledge Complement Control? An Empirical Test in Technology Outsourcing Alliances.” Strategic Management Journal 28 6 : 623 – 34 . 10.1002/smj.623 Search in Google Scholar

Wagner, Caroline S. 2009. The New Invisible College: Science for Development. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. Wagner Caroline S. 2009 . The New Invisible College: Science for Development . Washington, DC : Brookings Institution Press . Search in Google Scholar

Wagner, Izabela. 2011. Becoming Transnational Professional: Kariery I Mobilność Polskich Elit Naukowych. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar. Wagner Izabela . 2011 . Becoming Transnational Professional: Kariery I Mobilność Polskich Elit Naukowych . Warsaw : Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar . Search in Google Scholar

Wang, Lili, Ad Notten, and Alexandru Surpatean. 2013. “Interdisciplinarity of Nano Research Fields: A Keyword Mining Approach.” Scientometrics 94 3: 877–92. Wang Lili Ad Notten , and Alexandru Surpatean . 2013 . “Interdisciplinarity of Nano Research Fields: A Keyword Mining Approach.” Scientometrics 94 3 : 877 – 92 . 10.1007/s11192-012-0856-9 Search in Google Scholar

Wasserman, Stanley, and Katherine Faust. 1994. Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Wasserman Stanley , and Katherine Faust . 1994 . Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . 10.1017/CBO9780511815478 Search in Google Scholar

Whitley, Richard. 2000. The Intellectual and Social Organization of the Sciences. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Whitley Richard . 2000 . The Intellectual and Social Organization of the Sciences . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Search in Google Scholar

Youtie, Jan, and Barry Bozeman. 2014. “Social Dynamics of Research Collaboration: Norms, Practices, and Ethical Issues in Determining Co-Authorship Rights.” Scientometrics 101 2: 953–62. Youtie Jan , and Barry Bozeman . 2014 . “Social Dynamics of Research Collaboration: Norms, Practices, and Ethical Issues in Determining Co-Authorship Rights.” Scientometrics 101 2 : 953 – 62 . 10.1007/s11192-014-1391-7 Search in Google Scholar

Zaheer, Akbar, and Geoffrey G Bell. 2005. “Benefiting from Network Position: Firm Capabilities, Structural Holes, and Performance.” Strategic Management Journal 26 9: 809–25. Zaheer Akbar , and Geoffrey G Bell . 2005 . “Benefiting from Network Position: Firm Capabilities, Structural Holes, and Performance.” Strategic Management Journal 26 9 : 809 – 25 . 10.1002/smj.482 Search in Google Scholar

Zuckerman, Harriet. 1967. “Nobel Laureates in Science: Patterns of Productivity, Collaboration, and Authorship.” American Sociological Review 32 3: 391–403. Zuckerman Harriet . 1967 . “Nobel Laureates in Science: Patterns of Productivity, Collaboration, and Authorship.” American Sociological Review 32 3 : 391 – 403 . 10.2307/2091086 Search in Google Scholar