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Evaluation of indigenous entomopathogenic nematodes in Southwest China as potential biocontrol agents against Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Bingjiao Sun
Bingjiao Sun
, 
Xiuqing Zhang
Xiuqing Zhang
, 
Li Song
Li Song
, 
Lixin Zheng
Lixin Zheng
, 
Xianqin Wei
Xianqin Wei
, 
Xinghui Gu
Xinghui Gu
, 
Yonghe Cui
Yonghe Cui
, 
Bin Hu
Bin Hu
, 
Toyoshi Yoshiga
Toyoshi Yoshiga
, 
Mahfouz M. Abd-Elgawad
Mahfouz M. Abd-Elgawad
 und 
Weibin Ruan
Weibin Ruan
   | 22. Nov. 2021
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Online veröffentlicht: 22. Nov. 2021
Seitenbereich: 1 - 17
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2021-083
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© 2021 Bingjiao Sun et al., published by Sciendo.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

The distribution map of collected soil samples and entomopthogenic nematodes in Yunnan province, China. A: collected soil samples. B: entomopathogenic nematodes.
The distribution map of collected soil samples and entomopthogenic nematodes in Yunnan province, China. A: collected soil samples. B: entomopathogenic nematodes.

Figure 2:

Neighbor-Joining tree of the Steinernema populations. The tree was based on ITS rDNA data and Kimura 2-parameter model. Numbers on branches represent bootstrap support (>50%) based on 1,000 replicates. Scale represents K2P genetic distance.
Neighbor-Joining tree of the Steinernema populations. The tree was based on ITS rDNA data and Kimura 2-parameter model. Numbers on branches represent bootstrap support (>50%) based on 1,000 replicates. Scale represents K2P genetic distance.

Figure 3:

Neighbor-Joining tree of the Steinernema populations. The tree was based on 28S rDNA data and Kimura 2-parameter model. Numbers on branches represent bootstrap support (>50%) based on 1,000 replicates. Scale represents K2P genetic distance.
Neighbor-Joining tree of the Steinernema populations. The tree was based on 28S rDNA data and Kimura 2-parameter model. Numbers on branches represent bootstrap support (>50%) based on 1,000 replicates. Scale represents K2P genetic distance.

Figure 4:

Neighbor-Joining tree of the Heterorhabditis populations. The tree was based on ITS rDNA data and Kimura 2-parameter model. Numbers on branches represent bootstrap support (>50%) based on 1,000 replicates. Scale represents K2P genetic distance.
Neighbor-Joining tree of the Heterorhabditis populations. The tree was based on ITS rDNA data and Kimura 2-parameter model. Numbers on branches represent bootstrap support (>50%) based on 1,000 replicates. Scale represents K2P genetic distance.

Figure 5:

Neighbor-Joining tree of the Heterorhabditis populations. The tree was based on 28S rDNA data and Kimura 2-parameter model. Numbers on branches represent bootstrap support (>50%) based on 1,000 replicates. Scale represents K2P genetic distance.
Neighbor-Joining tree of the Heterorhabditis populations. The tree was based on 28S rDNA data and Kimura 2-parameter model. Numbers on branches represent bootstrap support (>50%) based on 1,000 replicates. Scale represents K2P genetic distance.

Figure 6:

Neighbor-Joining tree of the Oscheius populations. The tree was based on ITS rDNA data and Kimura 2-parameter model. Numbers on branches represent bootstrap support (>50%) based on 1,000 replicates. Scale represents K2P genetic distance.
Neighbor-Joining tree of the Oscheius populations. The tree was based on ITS rDNA data and Kimura 2-parameter model. Numbers on branches represent bootstrap support (>50%) based on 1,000 replicates. Scale represents K2P genetic distance.

Figure 7:

Neighbor-Joining tree of the Oscheius populations. The tree was based on 28S rDNA data and Kimura 2-parameter model. Numbers on branches represent bootstrap support (>50%) based on 1,000 replicates. Scale represents K2P genetic distance.
Neighbor-Joining tree of the Oscheius populations. The tree was based on 28S rDNA data and Kimura 2-parameter model. Numbers on branches represent bootstrap support (>50%) based on 1,000 replicates. Scale represents K2P genetic distance.

Figure 8:

Mortality rates (mean ± SE%) of Spodoptera litura larvae treated 24, 36, 48, and 72 hr by different populations of entomopathogenic nematodes at 100 infective juveniles per larva. HbHb: Heterorhabditis bacteriophora; Sc All: Steinernema carpocapsae; CK: Control. Bars with different letters represent significantly different means (SE) at p ≤ 0.05 among all treatments via the post hoc Duncan’s test.
Mortality rates (mean ± SE%) of Spodoptera litura larvae treated 24, 36, 48, and 72 hr by different populations of entomopathogenic nematodes at 100 infective juveniles per larva. HbHb: Heterorhabditis bacteriophora; Sc All: Steinernema carpocapsae; CK: Control. Bars with different letters represent significantly different means (SE) at p ≤ 0.05 among all treatments via the post hoc Duncan’s test.

Figure 9:

Mortality rates (mean ± SE%) of Spodoptera litura larvae treated 48, 72, 84 hr by different populations of Oscheius at 100 infective juveniles per larva. CK: Control. Bars with different letters represent significantly different means (SE) at p ≤ 0.05 among all treatments via the post hoc Duncan’s test.
Mortality rates (mean ± SE%) of Spodoptera litura larvae treated 48, 72, 84 hr by different populations of Oscheius at 100 infective juveniles per larva. CK: Control. Bars with different letters represent significantly different means (SE) at p ≤ 0.05 among all treatments via the post hoc Duncan’s test.

The list of indigenous species in the genus of Heterorhabditis and Steinernema detected from Yunnan province, China Species and soil physicochemical parameters of the corresponding habitats.

Soil No. Habitat Longitude Latitude Altitude (m) pH SOC (g/kg) TN (g/kg) CEC (cmol/kg) Clay Sand Silt
H. bacteriophora 10020-1 cropland 24.856385 103.366102 1850 6.55 28.5 1.55 12.23 47 25 28
10020-2 cropland 24.856385 103.366102 1850 6.92 15.8 0.91 8.34 47 25 28
10198-1 cropland 26.1089 99.9999 2055 7.65 64.4 3.26 21.54 36 39 25
S. akhursti 10006-2 forest 25.51231 100.2601 2482 4.51 56 1.86 13.94 22 51 27
S. akhursti 10127-2 forest 24.16796 102.6275 1818 4.55 29.6 17.17 1.56 26 36 38
S. ceratophorum 10024-3 forest 24.93598 103.5364 1837 5.17 24.2 1.35 13.96 47 25 28
S. ceratophorum 10064-2 cropland 23.80083 103.6483 1456 7.84 19.5 1.19 23.91 36 39 25
Steinernema sp. Sun 1 10074-1 forest 23.65063 102.7021 1391 6.84 21.6 1.17 7.77 36 39 25
Steinernema sp. Sun 1 10074-3 forest 23.65063 102.7021 1391 6.57 74.9 3.58 18.52 36 39 25
Steinernema sp. Sun 2 10099-1 forest 24.07291 101.9257 1861 6.06 40.6 23.57 1.52 36 39 25
S. siamkayai 10156-5 waterside 23.21695 101.1314 1117 6.94 24.7 14.35 1.39 22 51 27
S. everestense 10166-1 cropland 23.65539 100.0582 1820 5.06 69.4 40.27 3.34 31 36 33
Steinernema sp. Sun 3 10169-2 grassland 24.17514 99.98811 1124 4.83 18 10.45 1.06 43 28 29
Steinernema sp. Sun 3 10169-3 grassland 24.17514 99.98811 1124 4.93 42 24.34 2.11 43 28 29
Steinernema sp. Sun 4 10226-2 forest 24.4748 97.7456 1096 6.24 5.64 3.27 0.23 39 34 27
S. surkhetense 10227-2 cropland 24.1877 97.8166 949 7.99 6.25 3.62 0.39 43 28 29

Distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes in different habitats in Yunnan Province, China.

Forest Farmland Grassland Waterside The edge of cropland Total
Soil sample No. 287 249 99 34 120 789
Heterorhabditis No. 0 3 0 0 0 3
Steinernema No. 7 3 1 1 1 13
Oscheius No. 35 10 5 4 4 58
Prevalence of Heterorhabditis and Steinernema (%) 2.44 2.41 1.01 2.94 0.83 2.03
Prevalence of Oscheius (%) 12.20 4.02 5.05 11.76 3.33 7.35
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