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Morphological and molecular characterization of Hoplolaimus pararobustus (Schuurmans Stekhoven and Teunissen, 1938) Sher 1963 with its first report on Zea mays roots in Namibia

Mariette Marais
Mariette Marais
, 
Esther van den Berg
Esther van den Berg
, 
Hendrika Fourie
Hendrika Fourie
 und 
Milad Rashidifard
Milad Rashidifard
   | 13. Jan. 2021
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Online veröffentlicht: 13. Jan. 2021
Seitenbereich: 1 - 12
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2020-124
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© 2021 Mariette Marais et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

Hoplolaimus pararobustus. Female 1: Anterior part of the body; 2: Oesophageal overlap with an excretory pore; 3: Vulval area with posterior spermatheca; 4: Phasmid and lateral field in the anterior part of the body; 5: Tail with the lateral field; Male: 6: Phasmid with the lateral field at the posterior end; 7: Posterior end with spicules and bursa; 8: Anterior part of the body; 9: Lateral field opposite vulva. Scale bar = 20 µm.
Hoplolaimus pararobustus. Female 1: Anterior part of the body; 2: Oesophageal overlap with an excretory pore; 3: Vulval area with posterior spermatheca; 4: Phasmid and lateral field in the anterior part of the body; 5: Tail with the lateral field; Male: 6: Phasmid with the lateral field at the posterior end; 7: Posterior end with spicules and bursa; 8: Anterior part of the body; 9: Lateral field opposite vulva. Scale bar = 20 µm.

Figure 2:

Bayesian tree inferred from partial 18 S rDNA sequence of Hoplolaimus pararobustus obtained from the rhizosphere of maize from Namibia under GTR + I + G (partition = 010020; lnL = 3717.3614; rAC = 1.0000; rAG = 2.0466; rAT = 1.0000; rCG = 1.0000; rCT = 5.6942; rGT = 1.0000; p-inv = 0.4370; gama shape = 0.3390) based on 50% majority role. The newly obtained sequence is indicated by bold font.
Bayesian tree inferred from partial 18 S rDNA sequence of Hoplolaimus pararobustus obtained from the rhizosphere of maize from Namibia under GTR + I + G (partition = 010020; lnL = 3717.3614; rAC = 1.0000; rAG = 2.0466; rAT = 1.0000; rCG = 1.0000; rCT = 5.6942; rGT = 1.0000; p-inv = 0.4370; gama shape = 0.3390) based on 50% majority role. The newly obtained sequence is indicated by bold font.

Figure 3:

Bayesian tree inferred from partial 28 S rDNA sequence of Hoplolaimus pararobustus obtained from the rhizosphere of maize from Namibia under GTR + G (partition = 012314; lnL = 5311.5111; rAC = 0.9205; rAG = 4.5584; rAT = 2.2804; rCG = 0.4018; rCT = 4.5584; rGT = 1.0000; gamma shape = 0.2940) based on 50% majority role. The newly obtained sequence is indicated by bold font.
Bayesian tree inferred from partial 28 S rDNA sequence of Hoplolaimus pararobustus obtained from the rhizosphere of maize from Namibia under GTR + G (partition = 012314; lnL = 5311.5111; rAC = 0.9205; rAG = 4.5584; rAT = 2.2804; rCG = 0.4018; rCT = 4.5584; rGT = 1.0000; gamma shape = 0.2940) based on 50% majority role. The newly obtained sequence is indicated by bold font.

Measurements of Hoplolaimus pararobustus females and males from maize in Namibia.

Hoplolaimus pararobustus (Namibian specimens) Hoplolaimus pararobustus (acc. to Fortuner (1991) Hoplolaimus pararobustus (acc. to Van den Berg and Quénéhervé, 2012) Hoplolaimus columbus (acc. to Fortuner, 1991) Hoplolaimus dubius (acc. to Chaturvedi and Khera, 1979; Zarina and Maqbool, 1998) Hoplolaimus galeatus (acc. to Van den Berg and Quénéhervé, 2012) Hoplolaimus seinhorsti (acc. to Van den Berg and Quénéhervé, 2012 Hoplolaimus seinhorsti (acc. to Mansourabad et al., 2016)
Characters Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males
n 21 21 17 14 20 8 8
L 1,100±76.1 (957–1,245) 925±65 (818–1,018) 1,314±0.127 (910–1,800) 1,158±0.102 (930–1,500) 940–1,800 920–1,500 1,260–1800 1,150–1,400 780–1,600 940–1,100 1,100–1,940 1,050–1,560 1,000–1,600 1,480–1,738
a 29±3.5 (23.7–36) 29.2±4.2 (22–38.3) 27.3±2.689 (20–39) 29.2±2.2227 (21–37.2) 20–39 21–37.2 30–38 31.9 (25.9–39.2) 31.94–51.29 32.78–43.87 22–34 23–32 24.1–40 25.5–33.8
b 7.4±0.7 (6.2–8.6) 6.7±0.4 (6–7.5) 8.98±1.361 (6–14) 8.5±1.328 (6.2–13.8) 6–14.1 6.2–13.8 9.1–12.4 10.9 (9.58–12.18) 8.16–12.49 8.0–9.45 6.3–10.8 8.3–10.3 5.2–14.2
b’ 9.5±0.8 (7.9–11) 8.5±0.7 (7.1–10.1) 7.1±0.682 (5.1–10) 6.6±0.57 (5–8.7) – – 6.3–9.7 6.04–9.42 5.95–6.76
c 59.7±10.5 (46.9–80.6) 34.7±4.3 (25–41) 60.8±15.185 (10–164) 36.9±6.605 (22.2–51.9) 40–164 22.2–51.9 39–57 29.9 (26.8–33.1) 1.321.41 35.08–41.21 0.6–0.7 1.5–1.7 38–74
c’ 0.8±0.1 (0.6–1.1) 1.5±0.2 (1.3–2) 0.67±0.135 (0.4–0.9) 1.6±0.206 (1.4–2.1) 0.4–0.9 1.4–2.1 0.61–1.17 0.7–0.9
o (%) 13±2 (8–17) 13±2.5 (8–18) – – 6.8–13.4 7.1–12.5 9–13 5.2 (4.8–5.2) 7.55–16.28 12.5–17.7 8.5–17 10–17
M 51±1.5 (48–54) 51±1.8 (50–53) – – – –
V (%) 55±2.5 (49–67) – 52.68±2.609 (51–62) 51–62 51–60 41.56–59.16 52–60
OV1 (%) 31±14.0 (18–51) –
OV2 (%) – –
h – 13±2.5 (10–19)
Annulus width 2±0.3 (2–3) 2±0.3 (2–3) 2 2–3
Lip region height 7±0.5 (6–8) 6±0.6 (5–7)
Lip region width 13±1 (12–15) 12±0.9 (11–13)
Stylet length 36±1.6 (34–40) 34±1.3 (32–38) 42.3±2.378 (37.5–49) 40.8±2.673 (35–46) 37.5–49.7 35–48 40–48 42 (40.2–43.7) 34.4–42.4 41.5–54 40–48 38–45
Metenchium length 18±1.1 (17–21) 17±0.6 (16–18)
Telenchium length 18±0.8 (17–19) 17±1 (15–20)
Stylet knob height 6±0.5 (5–7) 5±0.6 (4–6)
Stylet knob width 6±0.8 (5–9) 6±0.5 (5–7) 6.0–6.8
Dorsal gland opening posterior to stylet knobs 5±0.7 (3–6) 4±0.9 (3–6) 5.6±1.377 (4–8) 3.2–5.6
Median bulb length 17±1.3 (15–20) 16±1.5 (13–19)
Median bulb width 15±1.3 (13–17) 12±1 (11–15)
Medan bulb valve length 6±0.7 (4–6) 5±0.7 (4–7)
Median bulb valve width 4±0.6 (3–5) 4±0.4 (3–4)
Excretory pore from anterior end 108±11.9 (82–123) 93±13.6 (74–121)
Esophagus length 148±7.6 (136–161) 139±10.4 (124–163)
Esophagus overlap 31±7.2 (15–44) 30±5.7 (20–38)
Body width at excretory pore 33±3.5 (27–40) 26±2.4 (23–30)
Body width at midbody 39±4 (32–46) 32±2.9 (27–38)
Body width at anus/cloaca 25±2.2 (21–29) 17±1.3 (15–20)
Position of excretory pore/Esophagus length (%) 73±7.5 (61–85) 67±9.6 (61–85)
Position of excretory pore/Body length (%) 10±1.3 (8–12) 10±(8–13)
Anterior genital track length 241±69.2 (171–301) –
Testes length – 350±34.6 (322–400) (n=4)
Spicule length – 38±2.3 (35–42) 46.9±3.318 (40–57) 40–57 46.8 (36.6–52.5) 368–43.36 40–52
Gubernaculum length – 17±2.3 (11–20) 21.9±2.4296 (15.4–31) 15.4–31 14.4–18.4 20–28
Capitulum length – 11 ±0.8 (10–13)
Phasmid diameter 4±0.3 (3–4) 3±0.5 (3–4) 5.3 (4.1–6)
Anterior phasmid as % from anterior end 36±6.9 (28–40) (n=3) 36±3.5 (28–43) 22–52 23.7–50.4 29–47 38 (35.4–42.2) 23.90–41.34 21.18–44.35 23–46 29–45 24–46
Posterior phasmid as % from anterior end tail 79±4.1 (70–85) 81±4.7 (72–87) 58–89 68.9–85.4 79–90 82 (79.7–83.2) 82.20–96.44 76.69–85.99 72–88 75–89 68–90
Tail length 19±3.1 (15–24) 27±3.5 (22–35) 7–15 16–28 26.1–35.1 17.5–36.2 32.3–44.2 22–28
Number of tail annules 12–18
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