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Steam-based thermotherapy for managing nematodes in strawberry transplants

Churamani Khanal
Churamani Khanal
, 
Mengyi Gu
Mengyi Gu
, 
Natalia A. Peres
Natalia A. Peres
 und 
Johan A. Desaeger
Johan A. Desaeger
   | 06. Nov. 2020
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Online veröffentlicht: 06. Nov. 2020
Seitenbereich: 1 - 10
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2020-095
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© 2020 Churamani Khanal et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

Paralyzed nematode percentage of three nematode species (Aphelenchoides besseyi, Pratylenchus penetrans and Meloidogyne hapla; n = 20) immediately after heat treatment at temperatures 40 and 44°C for various exposure times. Data were combined over two experiments and are means of six replications.
Paralyzed nematode percentage of three nematode species (Aphelenchoides besseyi, Pratylenchus penetrans and Meloidogyne hapla; n = 20) immediately after heat treatment at temperatures 40 and 44°C for various exposure times. Data were combined over two experiments and are means of six replications.

Figure 2:

Mortality percentage of three nematode species (Aphelenchoides besseyi, Pratylenchus penetrans and Meloidogyne hapla; n = 20) 24 hr after heat treatment at temperatures 40, 44, and 48°C for various exposure times. Data were combined over two experiments and are means of six replications.
Mortality percentage of three nematode species (Aphelenchoides besseyi, Pratylenchus penetrans and Meloidogyne hapla; n = 20) 24 hr after heat treatment at temperatures 40, 44, and 48°C for various exposure times. Data were combined over two experiments and are means of six replications.

Effect of hot water on mortality percentage of three nematode species (Aphelenchoides besseyi, Pratylenchus penetrans, and Meloidogyne hapla; n = 20) 24 hr post heat treatment at 40, 44, 48, and 52°C for 1, 5, 10, 30, 60, 120, and 240 min.

Factor Treatment level 40°C 44°C 48°C 52°C
Nematode (N) A. besseyi 45.4a 68.9b 99.5ab 100.0a
P. penetrans 23.5c 62.4c 98.8b 99.9a
M. hapla 31.1b 86.9a 100.0a 100.0a
Exposure time (T) 1 min 1.7e 4.7d 96.7b 99.7a
5 min 4.2e 40.6c 99.4a 100.0a
10 min 6.1de 75.3b 100.0a 100.0a
30 min 17.8cd 89.7a 100.0a 100.0a
60 min 28.9c 98.9a 100.0a 100.0a
120 min 79.4b 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a
240 min 95.0a 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a
P value N < 0.0001 < 0.0001 0.0007 0.3714
T < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 0.4294
N × T < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 0.4543

Effect of hot water on paralyzed nematode percentage of three nematode species (Aphelenchoides besseyi, Pratylenchus penetrans, and Meloidogyne hapla; n = 20) immediately after treatment at 40, 44, 48, and 52°C for 1, 5, 10, 30, 60, 120, and 240 min.

Factor Treatment level 40°C 44°C 48°C 52°C
Nematode (N) A. besseyi 50.8b 70.0c 99.3a 100.0a
P. penetrans 47.1b 75.7b 98.9a 99.9a
M. hapla  63.0a 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a
Exposure time (T) 1 min 1.1e 45.3d 96.9b 99.7a
5 min 10.8d 56.4c 98.9ab 100.0a
10 min 33.1c 77.2b 100.0a 100.0a
30 min 58.6b 94.4a 100.0a 100.0a
60 min 88.9a 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a
120 min 90.8a 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a
240 min 92.2a 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a
P value N < 0.0001 < 0.0001 0.1075 0.3714
T < 0.0001 < 0.0001 0.0005 0.4295
N × T < 0.0001 < 0.0001 0.2769 0.4545

Effect of aerated steam at 44°C on reproduction of three nematode species (Aphelenchoides besseyi, Pratylenchus penetrans and Meloidogyne hapla) and plant dry weight (g) of strawberry under various exposure timesa.

A. besseyi P. penetrans M. hapla
Treatment Nematodes per pot Foliage dry wt. Nematodes per pot Plant dry wt. Nematodes per pot Eggs per root system Plant dry wt.
60 min exposure 953a 2.2a 225b 3.7ab 3b 480b 5.1a
120 min exposure 78b 1.8a 145bc 3.8ab 0.1b 552b 4.8a
240 min exposure 0b 2.4a 69bc 3.1b 0b 0b 5.5a
Inoculated untreated control 1267a 1.8a 462a 4.5a 67a 19042a 6.1a
Uninoculated untreated control 0b 2.9a 0c 4.9a 0b 0b 5.0a
P value < 0.0001 0.1163 < 0.0001 0.0032 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 0.7167
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