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Activity of Steinernema colombiense in plant-based oils

Gabriela Castruita-Esparza
Gabriela Castruita-Esparza
, 
Francisco Ángel Bueno-Pallero
Francisco Ángel Bueno-Pallero
, 
Rubén Blanco-Pérez
Rubén Blanco-Pérez
, 
Lídia Dionísio
Lídia Dionísio
, 
Teodulfo Aquino-Bolaños
Teodulfo Aquino-Bolaños
 und 
Raquel Campos-Herrera
Raquel Campos-Herrera
   | 28. Juli 2020
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Online veröffentlicht: 28. Juli 2020
Seitenbereich: 1 - 12
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2020-072
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© 2020 Gabriela Castruita-Esparza et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

Effect of three adjuvants employed in Steinernema colombiense combination, coconut oil (CO), olive oil (OO), and distilled water (WC), on the percentage of live (mobile) infective juveniles (IJs) previously incubated at five different temperatures (4-24°C) and for five different times (1-21 days). Asterisks indicate significant differences within treatment comparisons at *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001, and n.s., not significant. Different letters indicate significant differences in Tukey’s test (HSD). Values are least-square means ± SE.
Effect of three adjuvants employed in Steinernema colombiense combination, coconut oil (CO), olive oil (OO), and distilled water (WC), on the percentage of live (mobile) infective juveniles (IJs) previously incubated at five different temperatures (4-24°C) and for five different times (1-21 days). Asterisks indicate significant differences within treatment comparisons at *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001, and n.s., not significant. Different letters indicate significant differences in Tukey’s test (HSD). Values are least-square means ± SE.

Figure 2:

Effect of three adjuvants employed in Steinernema colombiense combinations, coconut oil (CO), olive oil (OO), and distilled water (WC), on the frequency of larval mortality of last instar Galleria mellonella previously incubated at five different temperatures (4-24°C) and for five different times (1-21 days). Asterisks indicate significant differences within treatment comparisons at *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001, and n.s., not significant. Different letters indicate significant differences in Tukey’s test (HSD). Values are least-square means ± SE.
Effect of three adjuvants employed in Steinernema colombiense combinations, coconut oil (CO), olive oil (OO), and distilled water (WC), on the frequency of larval mortality of last instar Galleria mellonella previously incubated at five different temperatures (4-24°C) and for five different times (1-21 days). Asterisks indicate significant differences within treatment comparisons at *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001, and n.s., not significant. Different letters indicate significant differences in Tukey’s test (HSD). Values are least-square means ± SE.

Figure 3:

Effect of three adjuvants employed in Steinernema colombiense combinations, coconut oil (CO), olive oil (OO), and distilled water (WC), on the number of days needed to kill last instar Galleria mellonella larvae previously incubated at five different temperatures (4-24°C) and for five different times (1-21 days). Asterisks indicate significant differences within treatment comparisons at *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001, and n.s., not significant. Different letters indicate significant differences in Tukey’s test (HSD). Values are least-square means ± SE.
Effect of three adjuvants employed in Steinernema colombiense combinations, coconut oil (CO), olive oil (OO), and distilled water (WC), on the number of days needed to kill last instar Galleria mellonella larvae previously incubated at five different temperatures (4-24°C) and for five different times (1-21 days). Asterisks indicate significant differences within treatment comparisons at *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001, and n.s., not significant. Different letters indicate significant differences in Tukey’s test (HSD). Values are least-square means ± SE.

Figure 4:

Virulence of Steinernema colombiense (Scol) and Beauveria bassiana (Bbas), single applied or combined (Scol+Bbas), combined with coconut oil (CO), olive oil (OO), and distilled water (WC). A: Frequency of last instar Galleria mellonella larval mortality. B: Number of days needed to kill the insect larva. Different letters indicate significant differences in Tukey’s test (HSD). Values are least-square means ± SE. Significant differences for GLM analysis (P < 0.05) are highlighted in bold.
Virulence of Steinernema colombiense (Scol) and Beauveria bassiana (Bbas), single applied or combined (Scol+Bbas), combined with coconut oil (CO), olive oil (OO), and distilled water (WC). A: Frequency of last instar Galleria mellonella larval mortality. B: Number of days needed to kill the insect larva. Different letters indicate significant differences in Tukey’s test (HSD). Values are least-square means ± SE. Significant differences for GLM analysis (P < 0.05) are highlighted in bold.

Statistical analysis of the effect of three factors (adjuvants, temperature and time of storage) and their interactions (GLM, P < 0.05) in the infective juvenile (IJ) survival measured as percentage of live IJ, and its virulence measured as larval mortality and number of days to kill the insects.

Fixed factors % Live IJs % Dead larvae No. days to die
Adjuvant (Adj) F 2, 1,125 = 1.53; P = 0.217 F 2, 1,125 = 15.31; P  < 0.001 F 2,786 = 0.69; P = 0.513
Incubation temperature (Temp) F 4, 1,125 = 228.95; P  < 0.001 F 4, 1,125 = 49.31; P  < 0.001 F 4,786 = 9.24; P  < 0.001
Incubation time (Time) F 4, 1,125 = 2,309.61; P  <  0.001 F 4, 1,125 = 274.73; P  < 0.001 F 4,786 = 185.90; P  < 0.001
Adj × Temp F 8, 1,125 = 17.40; P  < 0.001 F 8, 1,125 = 2.67; P  = 0.007 F 8, 786 = 1.86; P = 0.063
Adj × Time F 8, 1,125 = 2.31; P  = 0.018 F 8, 1,125 = 7.39; P  < 0.001 F 8, 786 = 3.26; P  = 0.001
Tem × Time F 16, 1,125 = 136.59; P  < 0.001 F 16, 1,125 = 19.43; P  < 0.001 F 16, 786 = 10.89; P  < 0.001
Adj × Temp × Time F 32, 1,125 = 5.52; P  < 0.001 F 32, 1,125 = 1.42; P = 0.061 F 32, 786 = 2.11; P  = 0.001

Interactions of the co-application of entomopathogenic nematodes and entomopathogenic fungi formulated in different adjuvants for the suppression of Galleria mellonella larvae after.

Adjuvant Observed mortalitya Expected mortalityb χ 2 Interaction
Distilled water 81.3 76.6 0.28 Additive
Cocoa oil 81.5 76.6 0.31 Additive
Olive oil 87.8 76.6 1.58 Additive
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