The genus
According to Ghaderi et al. (2018), 26 species of the genus
In a recent nematological survey on longidorids in Roodghat area, Sufiyan, East-Azarbaijan province in northwest of Iran, three known and one new species of the genus
During a survey on nematode diversity in agroecosystems of Roodghat area, Sufiyan, East- Azarbaijan province in northwest of Iran, several soil samples were collected during 2016 and 2017 and processed at the Nematology Laboratory, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. The samples were taken from a depth of 5–30 cm. Nematodes were extracted using a tray (Whitehead and Hemming, 1965) and posteriorly killed, fixed and transferred to anhydrous glycerin using the method proposed by De Grisse (1969). Temporary and permanent microscopic slides of the nematodes were prepared to study morphological and morphometric characters. Morphometric data were obtained using a drawing tube attached to an Olympus BX41 light microscope. Photographs were taken by a DP50 digital camera system connected to the microscope. Raw photographs were edited using Adobe® Photoshop® CS. Drawings were made by Corel DRAW®, software version 12.
For DNA extraction from
The newly obtained sequences were aligned using MEGA6 (Tamura et al., 2013) and compared with other
Morphometrics of
Female | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characters | J1 | J2 | J3 | J4 | Holotype | Paratypes |
n | 3 | 1 | 5 | 5 | – | 8 |
L | 1.15 ± 0.01 (1.14–1.16) | 1.73 | 2.19 ± 0.12 (2.01–2.31) | 3.07 ± 0.17 (2.87–3.34) | 4.10 | 4.02 ± 0.21 (3.67–4.25) |
a | 44.0 ± 2.3 (41.0–47.0) | 41 | 55.0 ± 3.9 (51.0–62.0) | 58.0 ± 5.0 (51.0–64.0) | 55 | 59.0 ± 2.4 (53.0–63.0) |
b | 3.7 ± 0.1 (3.6–3.8) | 5.1 | 5.1 ± 0.3 (4.7–5.6) | 6.5 ± 0.6 (5.9–7.5) | 8.2 | 7.7 ± 0.3 (7.0–8.5) |
c | 18.0 ± 0.7 (17.0–19.0) | 29 | 44.0 ± 2.0 (42.0–47.0) | 66.0 ± 6.1 (60.0–76.0) | 132 | 117 ± 10 (103–133) |
c′ | 3.2 ± 0.1 (3.1–3.3) | 2.3 | 1.62 ± 0.04 (1.60–1.70) | 1.1 ± 0.1 (1.0–1.3) | 0.7 | 0.80 ± 0.05 (0.70–0.90) |
V | – | – | – | – | 47 | 47.0 ± 0.9 (46.0–48.0) |
Lip region diam. | 10.5 ± 0.3 (10.0–11.0) | 10.6 | 12.2 ± 0.2 (12.0–13.0) | 14.0 ± 1.1 (13.0–16.0) | 15 | 14.6 ± 0.3 (14.0–15.0) |
Odontostyle length | 58.5 ± 0.2 (58.0–59.0) | 70 | 95.0 ± 2.8 (93.0–100.0) | 113.0 ± 3.3 (109.0–117.0) | 139 | 136.0 ± 2.7 (132.0–139.0) |
Odontophore length | 45.0 ± 1.4 (44.0–47.0) | 54 | 63.0 ± 3.0 (60.0–67.0) | 76.0 ± 6.3 (70.0–87.0) | 82 | 82.0 ± 3.2 (75.0–85.0) |
Spear length | 104.0 ± 0.4 (103.0–105.0) | 124 | 158.0 ± 4.8 (150.0–167.0) | 189.0 ± 5.7 (181.0–196.0) | 221 | 220.0 ± 3.3 (215.0–225.0) |
Replacement odontostyle | 72.0 ± 1.6 (71.0–74.0) | 93 | 115.0 ± 2.9 (110.0–119.0) | 137.0 ± 1.7 (135.0–139.0) | – | – |
Oral aperture to guide ring | 51.0 ± 0.5 (50.0–52.0) | 65 | 82.0 ± 3.1 (76.0–86.0) | 101.0 ± 2.4 (98.0–104.0) | 129 | 124.0 ± 5.3 (117.0–132.0) |
Pharynx length | 311.0 ± 3.4 (307.0–315.0) | 337 | 423 ± 27 (396–476) | 447 ± 31 (416–484) | 500 | 520 ± 19 (493–553) |
Pharyngeal bulb length | 88.0 ± 0.7 (87.0–89.0) | 88 | 112.0 ± 8.6 (103.0–125.0) | 122.0 ± 2.5 (118.0–125.0) | 144 | 141.0 ± 9.3 (128.0–153.0) |
Body diam. at phar. base | 24.0 ± 1.6 (23.0–26.0) | 37 | 36.0 ± 3.6 (33.0–41.0) | 45.0 ± 4.1 (41.0–51.0) | 65 | 57.0 ± 7.5 (52.0–69.0) |
mid-body | 24.0 ± 2.1 (24.0–28.0) | 42 | 40.0 ± 3.4 (34.0–44.0) | 52.0 ± 5.0 (46.0–59.0) | 74 | 67.0 ± 6.7 (60.0–79.0) |
anus | 18.0 ± 0.4 (17.0–19.0) | 26 | 30.0 ± 0.8 (29.0–31.0) | 40.0 ± 2.7 (36.0–43.0) | 41 | 42.0 ± 1.8 (40.0–44.0) |
G1 | – | – | – | – | 13 | 12.3 ± 0.4 (12.0–13.0) |
G2 | – | – | – | – | 13 | 11.0 ± 1.3 (9.0–13.0) |
Prerectum length | 265 ± 16 (246–284) | 305 | 412 ± 28 (319–444) | 572 ± 40 (525–625) | 603 | 595 ± 74 (503–700) |
Rectum length | 14.0 ± 0.6 (13.0–15.0) | 19 | 26.0 ± 1.4 (22.0–28.0) | 33.0 ± 1.5 (31.0–35.0) | 49 | 43.0 ± 5.4 (35.0–51.0) |
Tail length | 61.0 ± 1.3 (59.0–63.0) | 60 | 49.0 ± 1.1 (48.0–51.0) | 46.0 ± 1.5 (44.0–48.0) | 30 | 33.0 ± 2.6 (30.0–38.0) |
Hyaline part of tail | 8.4 ± 0.3 (8.0–10.0) | 13 | 13.0 ± 1.3 (12.0–15.0) | 14.2 ± 0.5 (13.0–15.0) | 13 | 13.0 ± 0.8 (11.0–16.0) |
Specific
|
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
4 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 12 | – | – | 2 | 1 |
|
4 | 3 | 2 | 123 | 45 | (3)45 | 23 | 2 | 34 | 2 | – | 1 | 1 |
|
4 | 3 | 23 | 34 | 56 | 23 | 1 | 2 | 3(4) | 2 | – | 2 | 1 |
|
4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 45 | 3 | 12 | 2 | 23 | 3 | – | 2 | 1 |
|
4 | 3 | 3 | 45 | 456 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | – | 2 | 1 |
|
4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 34 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
|
4 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 56 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 23 | 3 | – | 1 | 1 |
|
4 | 3 | 5a | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
|
4 | 3 | 5a | 5 | 5 | 45 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
|
4 | 3 | 6a | 56 | 5 | 4 | 23 | 3 | 3 | 6 | – | 1 | 1 |
|
4 | 3 | 5a | 65 | 56 | 3(4) | 2 | 2 | 3(4) | 5a | 2 | 2 | 2 |
|
4 | 3 | 5a, b | 6 | 6 | 4 | 3(4) | 2 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 3 |
|
4 | 3 | 7 | 6 | 56 | 345 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
|
4 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 56 | 345 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
|
4 | 3 | 7 | 6 | 56 | 45 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 7 | – | 1 | 4 |
|
4 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 56 | 34 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
|
4 | 3 | 7b | 6 | 456 | 45 | 2 | 2 | 23 | 7b | 2 | 1 | 5 |
|
4 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 456 | 45 | 34 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 6 |
|
4 | 3 | 5(7b) | 56 | 56 | 34 | 23 | 2 | 3 | 45 | 2 | 1 | 7 |
|
4 | 3 | 5a | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 8 |
Species | Locality | Host-plant | Accession number |
---|---|---|---|
|
– | – | AY601625 |
|
Bollullos par del Condado, Huelva province, Spain |
|
GU725075 |
|
Arévalo de la Sierra, Soria province, Spain | Holly tree | KC567164 |
|
Belmez, Cordoba province, Spain | Wild olive | KX244884 |
|
Manzanilla, Huelva province, Spain | Grapevine | KC567167 |
|
– | – | AY601623 |
|
Apulian region, Torre pozzella, Brindisi province, southern Italy | Wild olive ( |
KM199690 |
|
Apulian region, Torre Pozzella, Brindisi Province, southern Italy | Wild olive ( |
KM199691 |
|
Apulian region, Torre Pozzella, Brindisi Province, southern Italy | Wild olive ( |
KM199692 |
|
Roodghat area, Sufiyan, East-Azarbaijan province, northwest of Iran | Common wheat ( |
MH884067 |
|
– | – | AY601630 |
|
Merza, Coruña province, Spain | Pedunculate oak | KC567172 |
|
Shenzhen, China | – | KP793050 |
|
– | – | AY601616 |
|
Sefid Rud River near Rasht, Gilan province, Iran | Ash tree | KF446655 |
|
Espiel ,Cordoba province, Spain | Cultivated olive | KX244900 |
|
Peñafor, Sevilla province, Spain | Wild olive | KX244889 |
|
Florida, USA | – | DQ299512 |
|
– | – | AY601617 |
|
Florida, USA | – | DQ285668 |
|
El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz province, Spain | Stone pine | KC567173 |
|
Uleila del Campo, Almeria province, Spain | cultivated olive | KX244902 |
|
Hersonisos, Heraklion province, Crete, Greece | Olive ( |
KJ802878 |
|
Pacayitas, La Suiza de Turrialba, Cartago, Costa Rica | Sugarcane | KX931059 |
|
Hinojos, Huelva province, Spain | Carob tree | KC567175 |
|
Czech Republic | Carpinus betulus and Acer platanoides | EU781538 |
|
– | – | EF538755 |
|
Marchegg, Austria | – | JQ780366 |
|
China | – | EF140790 |
|
Florida, USA | – | DQ299507 |
|
Almonte, Huelva province, Spain | Eucalyptus | KC567180 |
|
Florida, USA | – | DQ299497 |
|
Valdeinfierno in the Los Alcornocales Regional Park, Alcalá de los Gazules, Cádiz province, southern Spain | Black alder, |
GU549474 |
|
Saveh, Markazi province, Iran | Pomegranate trees ( |
JQ240273 |
|
Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China |
|
MF538772 |
|
Vathy Rema, Heraklion province, Crete, Greece | Olive tree ( |
KM586345 |
|
Vathy Rema, Heraklion province, Crete, Greece | Olive tree ( |
KM586346 |
|
Agiofarago, south west Heraklion province, Crete, Greece | Olive | KM586347 |
|
Agiofarago, south west Heraklion province, Crete, Greece | Olive | KM586348 |
|
Agiofarago, south west Heraklion province, Crete, Greece | Olive | KM586349 |
|
Agiofarago, south west Heraklion province, Crete, Greece | Olive | KM586350 |
|
Hersonisos, northeast Heraklion province, Crete, Greece | Olive ( |
KM586351 |
|
Hersonisos, northeast Heraklion province, Crete, Greece | Olive ( |
KM586352 |
|
Andujar, Jaen province, Spain |
|
GU725074 |
|
Bollullos par del Condado, Huelva province, Spain | Grapevine ( |
HM921346 |
|
Shenzhen, China | – | KP793046 |
|
Shenzhen, China | – | KP793048 |
|
Córdoba province, Spain | Grapevine | HM921398 |
|
Kentri, Greece | Olive | KJ802882 |
|
Córdoba province, Spain | Grapevine | HM921399 |
|
Córdoba province, Spain | Grapevine | HM921400 |
|
Córdoba province, Spain | Grapevine | HM921401 |
|
Cádiz province, Spain | Grapevine | HM921402 |
|
Roodghat area, Sufiyan, East-Azarbaijan province, northwest of Iran | Apple ( |
MH879782 |
|
Chogha Kaboud village, Harsin, Kermanshah province, Iran |
|
KJ956388 |
|
– | – | AY601619 |
|
Roufas, Greece | Olive | KJ802883 |
|
Agiofarago, Greece | Wild olive | KJ802884 |
|
Cabra, Córdoba province, Spain | Grapevine | KC567182 |
|
AY601613 | ||
|
Iznaajar, Cordoba province, Spain | Cultivated olive | KX244892 |
|
Japan |
|
KY131240 |
|
Florida, USA | – | DQ299505 |
|
India | – | HM163211 |
|
Bollullos par del Condado, Huelva province, Spain | Grapevine ( |
HM921352 |
|
Hinojos, Huelva province, Spain | Grapevine | KC567183 |
|
Southern Italy | Olive orchards | HF546080 |
|
La Granjuela, Córdoba province, Spain | Cultivated olive | KU171040 |
|
Mengibar, Jaen province, Spain | Cultivated olive | KX244894 |
|
Sbitla, Kasserine, Tunisia | Cultivated olive | KX062679 |
|
Florida, USA | – | DQ299515 |
|
Marchena, Seville province, Spain |
|
GU725071 |
|
Puente Genil, Cordoba province, Spain |
|
GU725067 |
|
Tarifa, Cádiz province, Spain | Wild olive | KU171037 |
|
Toro Amarillo, Valverde Vega, San Carlos Alajuela, Costa Rica |
|
MF461347 |
|
Alcaracejos, Cordoba province, Spain | Wild olive | KX244915 |
|
Cahors, Midi-Pyrenees province, France |
|
GU725073 |
|
Bollullos par del Condado, Huelva province, Spain | Grapevine ( |
HM921358 |
|
Sbitla, Kasserine, Tunisia | Cultivated olive | KX062683 |
|
Abida, Kairouan, Tunisia | Cultivated olive | KX062685 |
|
– | – | AY601587 |
|
– | – | AY601620 |
|
– | – | AY601621 |
|
Coto Rios, Jaen province, Spain |
|
GU725076 |
|
DQ299511 | ||
|
Chirraca, San Ignacio de Acosta, San José, Costa Rica | Grapevine | KY623485 |
|
Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Cádiz province, Spain | Grapevine | KC567185 |
|
Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Cádiz province, Spain | Stone pine | KC567186 |
|
Czech Republic | – | EF614266 |
|
– | – | AY601614 |
|
Florida, USA | – | DQ299514 |
|
Madavan village, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, Iran | Grasses | JN153101 |
It is characterized by having a cylindrical body, gradually tapered towards both ends, ventrally curved, open C to G-shape upon fixation. It has a two-layered cuticle and very fine transverse striations are visible more in tail region, 3.0‒4.0 μm wide at mid-body and 11‒16 μm at the tail tip. Lateral pores are present along the body, with four dorsal and five ventral located between anterior end and guiding ring. Lateral chords of 14‒17 μm or those occupying one-fifth of the mid-body diameter are present. The lip region is flat and the cephalic region is rounded, separated from body contour by a shallow depression, 1.7‒2.5 times as broad as high and one-fourth to one-fifth (21–28%) of body diameter at neck base. Amphidial fovea is cup shaped, with aperture occupying 52‒59% of the corresponding lip region diameter, located slightly anterior to depression of head, remainder of body and pouches typical of the genus. Odontostyle is long and slender, furcates at junction with odontophore, 8.8‒9.4 times lip region diameter or 1.5‒1.8 times odontophore length. Odontophore with well-developed basal flanges, 14‒18 μm wide, exists. A double guiding ring and a guiding sheath of 3‒30 μm length, depending on the degree of protraction/retraction of stylet, is present. Esophagus is slender with a weak muscular narrow part extending to a cylindrical terminal esophageal bulb with three nuclei. The esophageal basal bulb is 128‒153 μm long, occupying about 24‒29% of total esophagus length and 24‒31 μm width. The nucleus of dorsal esophageal gland (DN) is located at the beginning of basal bulb (8‒11%), 3.7‒5.1 μm in diameter, dorsal gland esophageal orifice (DGEO), 4.7‒6.5 μm from anterior end, and two smaller ventrosublateral nuclei (SVN) located at 52‒57% of the terminal bulb length. The esophageal intestinal valve is rounded conoid with 12‒14 μm length. The tip of reserve odontostyle (vestigium) is observed in isthmus in some specimens. The nerve ring is positioned at 55 68% length from anterior end and intestine is simple. The female reproductive system is didelphic‒amphidelphic with equally developed genital branches (428–575) μm and (387–512) μm long, respectively. Each branch is composed of a 64–117 μm long reflexed ovary, not reaching the oviduct‒uterus junction; oocytes are arranged first in several rows and then in a single row; oviduct is 70–160 μm long with developed
Not found.
All four juvenile stages were identified using morphological characters such as body length, length of replacement and functional odontostyle (Robbins et al., 1996). The scatter diagram representing the relationships between body length, functional and replacement odontostyle of females and juveniles is given in Figure 4. Juveniles are similar to adults in gross morphology, except for their smaller size, longer tail, and undeveloped reproductive organs. Jl is characterized by the lip region being separated from body contour by a deep depression, replacement odontostyle tip being close to base of functional odontostyle and located at the level of odontophore, and tail conoid and dorsally convex, directed ventrally, has a depression on dorsal and ventral sides at hyaline level, with a curved finger like cuticular extension and blind canal at the end. The lip region in J2 is separated from body contour by a depression but in J3 and J4, it is similar to that of female,
The identification codes for the new species, according to the polytomous key of Loof and Luc (1990), are: A4, B3, C5a, D6, E5, F4, G3, H2, I3, J4, K2, L1.
Based on the molecular and morphological similarities, the new species is closely related to
Compared to
Soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere of common wheat (
Holotype and paratype females and juveniles were deposited at Nematology Collection of the Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Two paratype females were also deposited at Nematode Collection of the University of Jaen, Spain.
The new species is named in honor of Dr. Hassan Barooghi, the late Entomologist and Associate Professor in Department of Plant Protection, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
For molecular analysis, one D2–D3 28S rDNA sequence, 800 bp long, was obtained (GenBank accession no. MH884067). The evolutionary relationships of the new species,
In summary, molecular characterisation and phylogenetic analysis of D2–D3 region sequence and morphological and morphometric analyses clearly supported the status of
Morphometrics of the Iranian populations of
|
|
|
|
---|---|---|---|
Characters | Female | Female | Female |
n | 5 | 5 | 6 |
L | 2.98 ± 0.18 (2.68–3.13) | 2.04 ± 0.08 (1.95–2.17) | 3.51 ± 0.16 (3.25–3.76) |
a | 55.0 ± 4.2 (50.0–60.0) | 61.0 ± 8.7 (52.0–74.0) | 69.0 ± 5.0 (63.0–78.0) |
b | 6.7 ± 0.3 (6.3–7.3) | 6.7 ± 0.6 (6.3–7.8) | 7.6 ± 0.1 (7.3–7.9) |
c | 76.0 ± 2.4 (74.0–80.0) | 69.0 ± 3.6 (64.0–73.0) | 89.0 ± 3.6 (77.0–95.0) |
c′ | 1.04 ± 0.05 (1.00–1.10) | 1.50 ± 0.10 (1.40–1.70) | 1.10 ± 0.08 (1.00–1.20) |
V | 37.0 ± 0.7 (36.0–38.0) | 54.0 ± 1.2 (53.0–56.0) | 49.0 ± 0.4 (47.0–50.0) |
Lip region diam. | 13.0 ± 0.8 (12.0–14.0) | 9.4 ± 0.5 (9.0–10.0) | 13.0 ± 0.7 (12.0–14.0) |
Odontostyle length | 121.0 ± 2.7 (118.0–125.0) | 83.0 ± 2.6 (81.0–87.0) | 122.0 ± 3.7 (118.0–128.0) |
Odontophore length | 70.0 ± 1.7 (69.0–73.0) | 50.0 ± 3.3 (44.0–54.0) | 68.0 ± 4.1 (51.0–75.0) |
Spear length | 192.0 ± 2.7 (189.0–195.0) | 133.0 ± 2.7 (130.0–137.0) | 191.0 ± 6.8 (175.0–200.0) |
Oral aperture to guide ring | 114.0 ± 4.3 (106.0–119.0) | 70.0 ± 3.6 (68.0–77.0) | 108.0 ± 4.3 (100.0–113.0) |
Pharynx length | 437 ± 11 (421–450) | 303 ± 20 (250–328) | 457 ± 11 (443–475) |
Pharyngeal bulb length | 99.0 ± 6.4 (87.0–110.0) | 77.0 ± 4.6 (72.0–84.0) | 114 ± 10 (100–131) |
Body diam. at phar. base | 47.0 ± 3.4 (43.0–52.0) | 29.0 ± 2.2 (26.0–32.0) | 41.0 ± 2.7 (37.0–45.0) |
mid-body | 54.0 ± 3.8 (45.0–59.0) | 33.0 ± 2.4 (28.0–37.0) | 49.0 ± 5.3 (41.0–56.0) |
anus | 35.0 ± 3.5 (31.0–40.0) | 19.0 ± 1.4 (17.0–21.0) | 35.0 ± 2.1 (32.0–38.0) |
G1 | 13.2 ± 0.4 (13.0–14.0) | 12.0 ± 1.2 (11.0–14.0) | 12.6 ± 0.3 (12–13) |
G2 | 12.0 ± 1.3 (11.0–14.0) | 12.0 ± 1.9 (10.0–14.0) | 12.0 ± 0.8 (11.0–13.0) |
Prerectum length | 320 ± 46 (250–381) | 168 ± 17 (134–187) | 496 ± 58 (431–575) |
Rectum length | 30.0 ± 1.9 (27.0–32.0) | 24.0 ± 3.5 (23.0–28.0) | 31.0 ± 1.2 (29.0–33.0) |
Tail length | 39.0 ± 0.9 (36.0–41.0) | 29.0 ± 1.1 (28.0–31.0) | 39.0 ± 1.4 (38.0–41.0) |
Hyaline part of tail | 17.0 ± 1.4 (15.0–19.0) | 10.0 ± 0.8 (9.0–11.0) | 14.0 ± 1.8 (12.0–16.0) |
Iran, East-Azarbaijan province, Sufiyan, Roodghat area (GPS coordinates: N 38° 19′ 59″ E 46° 07′ 00″, altitude 1582 m a.s.l.), in the rhizosphere of apple (
It was collected in 2016 and 2017 from Iran, East-Azarbaijan province, Sufiyan, Roodghat area (GPS coordinates: N 38°22′ 10″, E 46° 07′ 26″, altitude 1808 m a.s.l.), from the rhizosphere of common wheat (
This species is widely distributed in the rhizosphere of different plants in agricultural lands and reported from several localities in the world including Africa, America, Australia, Asia and Europe. Little is known about its role as a plant pathogen and it has not been recorded as a vector of plant viruses. Mojtahedi et al. (1980) reported
It was collected from
This species is widely spread in Europe. Besides, it has been recorded from Asia, North America, South America and Australia. It inhabits vineyards and various orchards (Andrássy, 2009). The original description of