Soybean cyst nematode (SCN,
Genetic diversity among SCN populations was first reported in 1962 (Ross, 1962). A 16-race identification system was developed based on phenotypic response on five soybean lines (‘Peking’, ‘Pickett’, PI 88788, PI 90763 and ‘Lee’) (Golden, 1970; Riggs and Schmitt, 1988), and later an HG Type test was developed based on seven indicator lines (Niblack et al., 2002). Ten SCN races (1-7, 9, 13, and 14) and 9 HG Types (0, 7, 2.7, 5.7, 1.3.7, 2.5.7, 1.2.5.7, 1.3.4.7, and 1.2.3.5.7) have been reported in China. Two major soybean producing regions, in which SCN is an important disease, are Huang-Huai Valleys and northeast China. The predominant SCN populations in Huang-Huai Valleys and northeast China have been reported as HG Type 1.2.3- (designated as an incomplete HG Type denomination, Niblack et al., 2002) and HG Type 0-, respectively (Liu et al., 1985, 1995; Liu and Liu, 1989; Lu et al., 2006; Dong et al., 2008; Ou et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2014; Chen et al., 2015). Heilongjiang Province in northeast China is the province which produces the most soybean in China. SCN management mainly depends on crop rotation with non-host crops and host plant resistance. Host plant resistance is the most cost-effective and environmentally benign strategy against SCN. In China, major efforts were made to develop SCN cultivars resistant to HG Type 1.2.3- in Huang-Huai Valleys and to HG Type 0- in northeast China (Liu, 2005). For example, a series of varieties (‘Kangxian1-13’) resistant to HG Type 0- were developed by Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences in northeast China (Li et al., 1998; Liu, 2005; Tian et al., 2007; Wu et al., 2011; Song, 2012; Wang, 2013; Yu et al., 2013). The major source of resistance in these varieties was soybean ‘Franklin’ containing ‘Peking’ resistance (Yuan et al., 2008; Li et al., 2014). However, these ‘Peking’-derived SCN-resistant varieties have become less effective due to the emergence of new SCN populations with planting these varieties in the same field year after year (Tian et al., 2007; Chen et al., 2015; Yang et al., 2015). Increased virulence on resistant cultivars and the occurrence of virulent SCN populations were reported in the USA with continuous growing of PI88788-derived resistant varieties (Diers and Arelli, 1999; Mitchum et al., 2007; Hershman et al., 2008; Vuong et al., 2010; Tylka and Mullaney, 2015; Acharya et al., 2016). Selection pressure can make the SCN population shift to more virulent types which are able to adapt to the resistant varieties (Niblack, 2005). Although many soybean genotypes were screened for the soybean resistance breeding program against SCN, limited resistant varieties were available in northeast China (Kong et al., 2012; Cao et al., 2014; Li et al., 2014).
In recent years, increased virulence on ‘Peking’-derived SCN-resistant cultivars was observed without continuous cropping of resistant varieties in some fields in Heilongjiang Province. Initial nematode identification in different field locations indicated that HG Type 0- (Liu
Soil sampling was conducted at soybean harvest time in two regions, Anda (N:46o24′, E:125o22′) and Wuchang (N:44o44′, E:127o14′), of Heilongjiang Province where SCN was present and increased virulence on resistant cultivars was known. Each soil sample contained more than 20 cores taken down to 20 cm depth with a 2.5-cm-diameter soil probe. The mixed soil samples were kept at 4oC and five cysts were isolated from each soil sample. Then each cyst was cultured on susceptible ‘Dongsheng1’ as the first generation (Hu et al., 2017) in 12-cm-diameter × 8-cm-deep plastic pots containing a 1:1 ratio of sand to soil under controlled greenhouse condition at 23°C to 28°C with 16-hr photoperiod. After 35 to 40 days, one single cyst was collected from the roots and the second generation was initiated. If there was no reproduction, the pot was discarded. To obtain a near-homogeneous population for producing more stable reactions on soybean plants, this process was continued for more than five generations.
Indicator lines PI 548402 (‘Peking’, indicator line #1), PI 88788 (#2), PI 90763 (#3), PI 437654 (#4), PI 209332 (#5), PI 89772 (#6), PI 548316 (‘Cloud’, #7) were utilized for HG Type determination (Niblack et al., 2002). ‘Pickett’ was added to identify the different SCN virulence profiles. Eighteen soybean cultivars/germplasms (Table 1) were utilized for resistance evaluation against SCN populations, including one wild type
Nematode inoculum was prepared from soybean plants infected for more than 35 days in the greenhouse. Cysts of
Eighteen soybean germplasms tested in this study.
Genotype category | Soybean germplasms |
---|---|
ZYD00006; | |
Breeding lines | Sien1-2, Sien1-3, 09-138; |
Peking-resistant cultivar to |
Kangxian2, Kangxian4, Kangxian5, Kangxian6, Kangxian7, Kangxian8, Kangxian9, Kangxian10, Kangxian11, Kangxian12, Kangxian13; |
Local commercial cultivars | Dongsheng1, Suinong14, Hefeng25 |
To determine SCN HG Types and to evaluate resistant sources, plants were grown in 12-cm-diameter × 8-cm-deep plastic pots containing a 1:1 ratio of sand to soil under controlled greenhouse condition at 23 oC to 28oC with 16 hr of photoperiod. Two seeds were planted in each pot and thinned to one seedling after germination. Each treatment was replicated with five individual plants. Two holes around each seven-day-old plant were made with a 1 ml pipette tip and 0.5 ml water suspension containing 400 J2 was injected into each hole (total 800 J2 per plant). Then the holes were covered with soil. Plants were arranged on benches according to completely randomized design in the greenhouse. Twenty-one days after inoculation, white females were dislodged by washing plant roots individually under a strong jet of water over 800 µm and 150 µm aperture sieves. After females/cysts per plant were counted, eggs per plant were released over 75 µm and 25 µm aperture sieves as described above. Female index (FI) was calculated as follows: FI = (average number of females found on indicator lines or soybean genotypes/average number of females found on susceptible line Lee 68) × 100. Each experiment was repeated two times (Test 1 and Test 2).
For HG Type identification, an FI equal to or greater than 10 on any indicator line or soybean genotype was assigned as susceptible, and as resistant when FI < 10. HG Type determination was based on the schemes developed by Niblack et al. (2002). The response of soybean genotypes to SCN populations was evaluated based on the method developed by Schmitt and Shannon (1992). Plants were classified as resistant (FI < 10), moderately resistant (FI = 10-30), moderately susceptible (FI = 31-60) or susceptible (FI > 60).
Data were subjected to analysis of variance using SPSS One-Way ANOVA (IBM, Armonk, New York, USA). Tukey’s HSD test (
After more than five generations of single-cyst culture, only two cultures from Anda soil sample (Anda1 and Anda2) and one from Wuchang were available to be used for HG Type identification. The other cultures with no reproduction were discarded. SCN reproduction from single-cyst cultures of three SCN populations on the indicator lines, ‘Pickett’ and the susceptible check ‘Lee 68’ are shown in Table 2. The Anda1 culture was identified as HG Type 1.2.3.5.6.7, HG Type 1.3 for Anda2, and HG Type 2.5.7 for Wuchang (Table 2).
Location | 1(PI 548402) | 2(PI 88788) | 3(PI 90763) | 4(PI 437654) | 5( PI 209332) | 6 (PI 89772) | 7(PI 548316) | Pickett | HG Type2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anda1 | 71.93 | 24.03 | 25.21 | 0.00 | 33.45 | 21.57 | 66.72 | 78.38 | 1.2.3.5.6.7 |
Anda2 | 45.83 | 1.75 | 13.20 | 0.19 | 5.24 | 0.24 | 9.90 | 160.30 | 1.3 |
Wuchang | 0.00 | 44.56 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 22.28 | 1.10 | 42.63 | 95.80 | 2.5.7 |
aFemale index (FI) = (average number of females on indicator lines)/(average number of females on Lee 68) × 100 (
bThe average number of cysts on susceptible check ‘Lee 68’ was equal to or more than 100.
Significant differences (
Out of eleven local cultivars originally resistant to HG Type 0-, at least nine cultivars were identified as resistant to HG Type 2.5.7 in both tests (Table 4). All other genotypes was moderately resistant, moderately susceptible or susceptible to the three HG Types (Tables 3-5). Within susceptible genotypes, wide variation of nematode reproduction was observed (Tables 3-5). For example, the range of female indices was 60 to 152 for HG Type 1.3, 71 to 146 for HG Type 2.5.7 and 66 to 213 for HG Type 1.2.3.5.6.7 (Tables 3-5).
Among all tested soybean genotypes, the correlation between egg number (data not shown) and cyst number per plant was 0.7247 (test 1) and 0.6560 (test 2) for HG Type1.3, 0.9474 (test 1) and 0.9774 (test 2) for HG Type2.5.7, and 0.6679 (test 1) and 0.7632 (test 2) for HG Type1.2.3.5.6.7.
Response of germplasms to soybean cyst nematodes against HG Type 1.3.
Test 1 | Test 2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genotype | Cyst/plant | FIa | Rb | Cyst/plant | FI | R |
Lee | 92 ± 25.63abcde | 211 ± 21.76defg | ||||
ZYD00006 | 56 ± 11.59abcde | 60.43 | S | 131 ± 6.39bc | 61.90 | S |
09-138 | 0 ± 0.2a | 0.22 | R | 15 ± 2.52a | 7.01 | R |
Sein1-2 | 115 ± 15.73cde | 125.00 | S | 251 ± 22.65fg | 119.05 | S |
Sein1-3 | 92 ± 23.33abcde | 99.57 | S | 277 ± 29.01g | 131.18 | S |
Kangxian2 | 66 ± 11.65abcde | 71.52 | S | 127 ± 8.45bc | 60.09 | S |
Kangxian4 | 121 ± 20.89de | 131.52 | S | 197 ± 8.17cdefg | 93.36 | S |
Kangxian5 | 124 ± 31.32de | 134.78 | S | 251 ± 21.24fg | 118.96 | S |
Kangxian6 | 125 ± 23.05de | 135.87 | S | 253 ± 15.28fg | 120.09 | S |
Kangxian7 | 44 ± 10.76abcd | 47.39 | MS | 174 ± 19.66cdef | 82.65 | S |
Kangxian8 | 47 ± 15.78abcd | 50.87 | MS | 172 ± 6.92cdef | 81.71 | S |
Kangxian9 | 100 ± 25.53bcde | 108.70 | S | 219 ± 14.02defg | 103.60 | S |
Kangxian10 | 98 ± 23.97bcde | 106.96 | S | 147 ± 16.31cd | 69.76 | S |
Kangxian11 | 140 ± 16.95e | 152.17 | S | 167 ± 7.80cde | 79.34 | S |
Kangxian12 | 22 ± 3.67ab | 23.48 | MR | 64 ± 7.52ab | 30.24 | MS |
Kangxian13 | 27 ± 6.24abc | 29.13 | MR | 66 ± 2.21ab | 31.28 | MS |
Hefeng25 | 118 ± 12.4cde | 128.48 | S | 241 ± 27.16efg | 114.22 | S |
Dongsheng1 | 101bcde | 110.00 | S | 152 ± 25.63cd | 71.85 | S |
Suinong14 | 80abcde | 86.52 | S | 180 ± 13.62cdef | 85.12 | S |
Means (
a FI: Female Index (FI) = (average number of females on cultivars)/(average number of females on Lee 68) × 100.
b R: Rating based on female index, where FI < 10 is resistant (R), FI = 10-30 is moderately resistant (MR), FI = 31-60 is moderately susceptible (MS), and FI > 60 is susceptible (S).
SCN populations in the field are usually a mixture of several populations with genetic heterogeneity (Dong et al., 1997; Niblack et al., 2008; Beeman et al., 2016). Beeman et al. (2016) found that HG Types varied in a small area of a field, confirming heterogeneity of SCN populations in the field. The two HG types identified from single-cyst cultures from Anda sample (Table 2) confirmed genetically heterogeneous SCN populations. We also detected multiple HG types present in the same field (unpubl. data), suggesting genetic heterogeneity. The genetic heterogeneity increases the difficulties for breeding programs. Cultivars with multiple resistance to SCN appear more important for SCN management.
To get cultures as homogeneous as we possibly can, single-cyst cultures with more than five generations each starting from a single cyst were obtained from Anda and Wuchang. These populations could be kept and utilized for resistance screening of soybean cultivars or germplasms instead of heterogeneous soil samples. Furthermore, these SCN populations could also be utilized for other research purposes, such as genetic study of SCN through developing genetic population between different HG Types. Three different HG Types were identified in our research after at least 5 generations with only one cyst starting each generation. The results of these identified HG Types with single-cyst cultures confirmed the HG type shift which was reported in the same county by Yang et al. (2015).
Response of germplasms to soybean cyst nematodes against HG Type 2.5.7.
Test 1 | Test 2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genotype | Cyst/plant | FIa | Rb | Cyst/plant | FI | R |
Lee | 199±35.09bc | 166±20.92b | ||||
ZYD00006 | 112±15.03ab | 56.08 | MS | 132±2.91b | 79.76 | S |
09-138 | 188±24.56bc | 94.27 | S | 127±20.05b | 76.63 | S |
Sein1-2 | 266±30.92c | 133.57 | S | 142±13.89b | 85.66 | S |
Sein1-3 | 290±53.11c | 145.73 | S | 179±17.35b | 108.07 | S |
Kangxian2 | 17±3.4a | 8.64 | R | 26±23.46a | 15.90 | MR |
Kangxian4 | 2±0.73a | 1.11 | R | 1±0.58a | 0.48 | R |
Kangxian5 | 8±1.74a | 3.92 | R | 5±1.84a | 3.01 | R |
Kangxian6 | 41±7.48a | 20.60 | MR | 5±1.72a | 3.25 | R |
Kangxian7 | 19±7.14a | 9.75 | R | 14±6.62a | 8.19 | R |
Kangxian8 | 68±12.7a | 33.97 | MS | 16±3.35a | 9.76 | R |
Kangxian9 | 6±0.97a | 2.91 | R | 0±0a | 0.00 | R |
Kangxian10 | 8±2.69a | 4.22 | R | 2±1.17a | 0.96 | R |
Kangxian11 | 12±4.42a | 6.13 | R | 1±1.20a | 0.72 | R |
Kangxian12 | 0±0.2a | 0.10 | R | 0±0.20a | 0.12 | R |
Kangxian13 | 3±0.86a | 1.61 | R | 0±0a | 0.00 | R |
Hefeng25 | 264±45.27c | 132.46 | S | 137±22.92b | 82.41 | S |
Dongsheng1 | 254±17.42c | 127.64 | S | 118±14.55b | 70.84 | S |
Suinong14 | 239±30.59c | 120.00 | S | 147±20.95b | 88.55 | S |
Means (
aFI: Female Index (FI) = (average number of females on cultivars)/ (average number of females on Lee 68) × 100.
bR: Rating based on female index, where FI < 10 is resistant (R), FI = 10-30 is moderately resistant (MR), FI = 31-60 is moderately susceptible (MS), and FI > 60 is susceptible (S).
Currently, the HG Type test (Niblack et al., 2002) is more commonly used for SCN population identification (Tylka, 2016). Eight HG Types were identified by Wang et al. (2014) which was the first report of HG Types in China. Chen et al. (2015) investigated the virulence of SCN populations under continuous cropping in Daqing and Anda counties in Heilongjiang province, and identified them as HG Types 7 and 1.3.4.7, respectively. In this study, we identified two new HG Types (HG Type 1.2.3.5.6.7 and HG Type 1.3) in Anda county.
It is very common for
Response of germplasms to soybean cyst nematodes against HG Type 1.2.3.5.6.7.
Test 1 | Test 2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genotype | Cyst/plant | FIa | Rb | Cyst/plant | FI | R |
Lee | 56±4.39bcde | 57±16.47abcde | ||||
ZYD00006 | 64±14.27cdef | 113.93 | S | 78±6.25bcde | 137.19 | S |
09-138 | 4±1.45a | 7.14 | R | 22±14.45ab | 38.95 | MS |
Sein1-2 | 103±12.48ef | 183.21 | S | 86±25.77bcde | 150.53 | S |
Sein1-3 | 71±14.37cdef | 126.07 | S | 70±8.77abcde | 122.11 | S |
Kangxian2 | 106±11.5f | 188.93 | S | 33±8.58abc | 58.60 | MS |
Kangxian4 | 86±6.5cdef | 154.29 | S | 73±8.62abcde | 128.42 | S |
Kangxian5 | 45±12.46abc | 80.00 | S | 30±10.89abc | 51.93 | MS |
Kangxian6 | 61±7.04cdef | 108.57 | S | 53±6.39abcd | 93.33 | S |
Kangxian7 | 55±11.51bcd | 98.21 | S | 38±3.44abc | 65.96 | S |
Kangxian8 | 63±13.66cdef | 111.79 | S | 75±19.11abcde | 131.58 | S |
Kangxian9 | 41±6.83abc | 72.86 | S | 19±6.04ab | 33.33 | MS |
Kangxian10 | 56±6.69bcde | 99.29 | S | 68±1.63abcde | 118.60 | S |
Kangxian11 | 78±4.5cdef | 138.93 | S | 43±13.66abc | 75.09 | S |
Kangxian12 | 13±1.56ab | 23.57 | MR | 41±16.71abc | 71.49 | S |
Kangxian13 | 13±2.12ab | 23.21 | MR | 9±3.51a | 15.44 | MR |
Hefeng25 | 101±10.23def | 180.71 | S | 114±9.96de | 200.70 | S |
Dongsheng1 | 64±5.42cdef | 113.93 | S | 122±22.11e | 213.33 | S |
Suinong14 | 83±9.05cdef | 148.57 | S | 97±15.21cde | 169.12 | S |
Means (
a FI: Female Index (FI) = (average number of females on cultivars)/(average number of females on Lee 68) × 100.
b R: Rating based on female index, where FI < 10 is resistant (R), FI = 10-30 is moderately resistant (MR), FI = 31-60 is moderately susceptible (MS), and FI > 60 is susceptible (S).
At least nine out of 11 local cultivars in two tests originally resistant to HG Type 0- showed < 10 FI to SCN HG Type 2.5.7, confirming the ‘Peking’ resistant source. The resistance source of ‘Kangxiang2-11’ was derived from ‘Franklin’ (‘Peking’-derived resistance) or its generations crossed with various local varieties (Li et al., 1998; Liu, 2005; Tian et al., 2007; Wu et al., 2011; Yu et al., 2013; Li et al., 2014). ‘Kangxian12’ and ‘Kangxian13’ (also called ‘Qingdou13’) were derived from the generations of the cross between ‘Heikang002-24’ (resistant to
Wide variation in numbers of cysts on the tested germplasms in this study indicated that the infectivity of each SCN population differs on same cultivar. The similar result was also reported previously (Epps and Hartwig, 1972; Young, 1990; Riggs et al., 1991; Davis et al., 1996; Arelli et al., 1997, 2000, 2015). In addition, with the same level of inoculum among three HG Types, the average number of cysts formed on the susceptible check Lee 68 for HG Type 1.2.3.5.6.7 in both tests (Table 5) was low, indicating low disease pressure. Even so, most soybean genotypes were good hosts for HG Type 1.2.3.5.6.7 in both tests (Table 5). The reason for low disease pressure was not clear and high disease pressure will be required for future study. However, HG Type 1.2.3.5.6.7 produced more than 100 cysts on susceptible Lee 68 and soybean ‘09-138’ and ‘Kangxian13’ consistently displayed resistance or moderate resistance to HG Type 1.2.3.5.6.7 in other tests (data not shown) as reported in this study.
The high correlation of egg number with cyst number among all tested soybean germplasms suggests non-differential genetic characters between nematode reproduction and cysts. However, the negative correlation between egg number (nematode reproduction) and egg masses or egg-laying females (EFL) was reported in root-knot nematode-plant interaction (Windham and Williams, 1987, 1988; Fourie et al., 1999; Li et al., 2016).
In conclusion, our study showed that the mixed SCN populations were presented in Anda county. At least nine out of 11 local cultivars in the two tests originally resistant to HG Type 0- also displayed resistance to HG Type 2.5.7. No genotype showed multiple resistance to all the three SCN populations. ‘Kangxian12’ and ‘Kangxian13’ showed resistance or moderate resistance to HG Type 2.5.7, HG Type 1.2.3.5.6.7 and HG Type 1.3. The breeding line ‘09-138’ was resistant to both HG Type 1.2.3.5.6.7 and HG Type 1.3. The identified resistant varieties would be valuable sources of breeding materials for resistance against multiple SCN populations.