Monitoring and analysis of low-voltage network with smart grid architecture model by developing use cases
, und | 23. März 2021
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Online veröffentlicht: 23. März 2021
Seitenbereich: 1 - 19
Eingereicht: 04. Sept. 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/ijssis-2021-004
Schlüsselwörter
© 2021 Haresh Kumar et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
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Systems and their description (Löf et al., 2011).
| Systems | Description |
|---|---|
| SCADA | The SCADA system is used at the control center for monitoring the data from field devices (RTU, current sensors, re-closers and breakers). The monitoring process is achieved by measuring the status of field devices and by forwarding this information to the distribution management system (DMS) |
| GIS | The GIS stands for the global information system. The GIS is a digital database that uses spatial coordinates as a primary source of data. A GIS collects and stores the data input (maps, coordinates) into the database, and after analyzing, it generates the report about power supply affected area (power quality and outage problems) |
| NIS | The NIS stands for the network information system. The NIS is a software-based platform that is responsible for networking planning, automatic mapping and information management. The NIS system holds information about network topology, transmission lines and protection devices of the distribution network |
| CIS | The CIS stands for the customer information system. The CIS consists of customer ID and customer meter number, physical addresses and phone numbers of customers. The CIS helps the utility company for billing and to network operating company for identifying the exact location of customer by generating a trouble call from a particular smart meter |
| OMS | The OMS stands for the outage management system, which analyses the outages at the customer level. The integration of OMS in the distribution network has reduced the outage cost and outage duration. The OMS receives the information from SCADA and DMS and starts the outage management process by obtaining the required data from other systems (GIS, CIS, and NIS) |
| DMS | The DMS uses different applications for monitoring and controlling the distribution network. The integration of DMS has increased the reliability and quality of the entire electric distribution network. The DMS receives the information from the customer level and the substation level, and after analyzing the whole network, it takes the decision. In some countries, the DMS and OMS are used as separate systems, but it is used as a single system in this research |
Comparison of communication technologies (Kuzlu et al., 2014).
| Technology | Standard/Protocol | Data rate (max. theoretical) | Data rate (average) | Coverage range (theoretical) | Cover age range (NLOS) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PLC | Narrowband | 10–500 kbps | 21–128 Kbps | Up to 3 km | |
| Broadband | 500 Mbps | 100 Mbps | 1–3 km | ||
| Fiber Optic | SONET/SDH | 10 Gbps | NA | Up to 100 km | |
| WDM | 40 Gbps | NA | Up to 100 km | ||
| WLAN | 802.11x | 2–600 Mbps | NA | Up to 100 m | |
| WIMAX | 802.16 | 75 Mbps | 40 Mbps | Up to 50 km | 1–5 km |
| Cellular | 2 G (GSM, CDMA) | 14.4 Kbps | 9.4–14.4 kbps | Up to 50 km | 1–10 km |
| 2.5 G (GPRS) | 144 Kbps | 30–40 Kbps | 1–10 km | ||
| 3 G (UMTS, Edge, CDMA 2000 1*EV-DO/DV) | Up to 2 Mbps | 200–400 Kbps | 1–10 km | ||
| 3.5 G (HSPA) | 14 Mbps | 5 Mbps | 1–10 km | ||
| 4 G (LTE) | 100 Mbps | 33 Mbps | 1–5 km | ||
Comparison of various communication technologies based on throughput and latency (Vikram and Sahoo, 2017).
| UDP | TCP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Communication Media | Throughput | Latency | Throughput | Latency |
| GPRS | 22 kbps | 6 sec | 21 kbps | 10 s |
| UMTS | 363 kbps | 102 ms | 239 kbps | 311 ms |
| PLC | 50.3 Mbps | 3.1 ms | 13.4 Mbps | 95 ms |
Comparison of response time with data rate for the number of smart meters (Andreadou et al., 2016).
| Response time (5 s) | Response time (30 s) | Response time (3 m) | Response time (5 m) | Response time (15 m) | Response time (1 h) | Response time (12 h) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smart meters | Data rate per packet (kbps) | Data rate per packet (kbps) | Data rate per packet (kbps) | Data rate per packet (kbps) | Data rate per packet (kbps) | Data rate per packet (kbps) | Data rate Per packet (kbps) |
| 200 | 191 | 32 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 400 | 382 | 64 | 11 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| 600 | 573 | 96 | 16 | 10 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
| 800 | 764 | 127 | 21 | 13 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
| 1,000 | 955 | 159 | 27 | 16 | 5 | 1 | 0 |
| 5,000 | 4,776 | 796 | 133 | 80 | 27 | 7 | 1 |
| 10,000 | 9,552 | 1,592 | 265 | 159 | 53 | 13 | 1 |
Comparison of different architecture styles for AMI applications (Chren et al., 2016).
| Communication technology | Advantages | Disadvantages | Risks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Direct Communication (Mobile Network Operator) | Direct communication (GPRS, code division multiple access, LTE) over a mobile network | High demand for mobile network infrastructure for data collection and control | Difficult to switch mobile operator (all communication models and meter points will be changed) |
| Simple for monitoring and management of AMI infrastructure | Part of the responsibilities are handled by a mobile operator | Most of the communication technologies are owned and managed by the third party | |
| The quality of the network will be lower if there is not sufficient coverage of mobile signal and a local gateway is used | Legal and organizational issues because of cyber security laws in some countries | ||
| This communication architecture does not support local control/ (decentralized control at the secondary substation). In this case, the data are collected at the control center and transmitted to local control | |||
| Communication using PLC/BPL DC | Hybrid communication infrastructure (PLC/BPLC is used for communication between SMs and DC, while a mobile network is used between DC and control center) | More challenging and demanding from monitoring and infrastructure point of view | The volume of the communication on the PLC/BPL layer is not significant from the economic point of view, which involved higher cost in building and maintaining the communication infrastructure |
| Security weakness due to the availability of temporary data storage at DC | |||
| Communication using PLC/BPL Gateway | The operator communicates with SMs through a gateway (PLC communication is used between a gateway and SMs, and wireless communication is used between a gateway and operator) | The speed, reliability and latency of communication channels are affected due to dynamic route of connection between PLC and mobile network | The gateway only responses the request between SMs and control center, and does not store any data |
| The gateway can be placed either at local control (secondary substation) or at home |
Standards, along with their application and comments as applied in SGAM (Arnold et al., 2010).
| Standard | Application | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| DLMS/COSEM | This standard is mainly used to support communication between smart meters and DC. A few applications of this standard are: electricity meter data reading and exchange, support of outages and power quality alarms, tariff and load control | DLMS User group |
| IEC 61850 | This standard was first designed to provide the communication between substations, and now it is used for the communication between the control center and substation for monitoring and controlling purpose. However, it can also be used beyond substation communication. For example; for communication between DERs and substation, but these protocols or standards are still in practice | This standard is open, maintained and developed by IEC |
| IEC 61968/61970/IEC62325 suite (CIM) | These standards are used to define the systemic model for data exchange. The IEC 61970 is used for interface-related application and the energy management system, while IEC 61968 is used to transfer information between different systems at the control center. For the data exchange to DSO and energy markets, IEC 62325 standard is used | These standards are open, maintained and developed by IEC |
| IEC 62351 | This standard is used to define the information security for data exchange and power control-related operations | This standard is open, maintained and developed by IEC |