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Interlabial gap and freeway space at rest position: a cephalometric study

Ye-Ji Seo
Ye-Ji Seo
, 
Jae Hyun Park
Jae Hyun Park
, 
Na-Young Chang
Na-Young Chang
, 
Hye Young Seo
Hye Young Seo
 und 
Jong-Moon Chae
Jong-Moon Chae
   | 12. Okt. 2021
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Article Category: research-article
Online veröffentlicht: 12. Okt. 2021
Seitenbereich: 237 - 250
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/aoj-2021.027
© 2021 Ye-Ji Seo et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Lateral cephalograms and profile photographs at maximum intercuspal position (MIP) (A and B) and rest position (C and D). Tracing on the lateral cephalogram and profile photograph at rest (E and F).
Lateral cephalograms and profile photographs at maximum intercuspal position (MIP) (A and B) and rest position (C and D). Tracing on the lateral cephalogram and profile photograph at rest (E and F).

Figure 2.

Cephalometric landmarks and measurements. A. Anatomical landmarks and planes on a lateral cephalogram: 1, sella; 2, nasion; 3, porion; 4, orbitale; 5, articulare; 6, posterior nasal spine; 7, anterior nasal spine; 8, point A; 9, root tip of the maxillary incisor (U1); 10, tip of U1; 11, mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first molar (U6); 12, mesiobuccal cusp of the mandibular first molar (L6); 13, tip of the mandibular incisor (L1); 14, root tip of L1; 15, most labial point of U1; 16, most labial point of L1; 17, point B; 18, pogonion; 19, menton; 20, gonion; 21, pronasale; 22, subnasale; 23, upper lip superior; 24, upper lip anterior; 25, stomion; 26, lower lip anterior; 27, lower lip inferior; 28, soft tissue point B; 29, soft tissue pogonion; 30, soft tissue menton; SN-7, 7° to the sella-nasion line through the sella; FH plane, Frankfort horizontal plane; PP, palatal plane; OP, occlusal plane; MP, mandibular plane; E-line, esthetic line. B. Cephalometric linear measurements: AFH, anterior facial height; PFH, posterior facial height; UADAH, upper anterior dentoalveolar height; UPDAH, upper anterior dentoalveolar height; LADAH, lower anterior dentoalveolar height; LPDAH, lower posterior dentoalveolar height; EL to UL, esthetic line to upper lip; EL to LL, esthetic line to lower lip; ULL, upper lip length; LLL, lower lip length; ULT, upper lip thickness; LLT, lower lip thickness; MLSD, mentolabial sulcus depth; STCT, soft tissue chin thickness. C. Cephalometric angular measurements: ANB; SA, saddle angle; AA, articular angle; GA, gonial angle; MPA, mandibular plane angle; PPA, palatal plane angle; ANB angle; U1 to FH; IMPA, mandibular incisor-mandibular plane angle; IIA, interincisal angle; OPA, occlusal plane angle; NLA, nasolabial angle; MLA, mentolabial angle; ZA, Z angle. D. Cephalometric additional measurements at rest position: ILG, interlabial gap; UIE, upper incisor exposure; FWS, freeway space.
Cephalometric landmarks and measurements. A. Anatomical landmarks and planes on a lateral cephalogram: 1, sella; 2, nasion; 3, porion; 4, orbitale; 5, articulare; 6, posterior nasal spine; 7, anterior nasal spine; 8, point A; 9, root tip of the maxillary incisor (U1); 10, tip of U1; 11, mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first molar (U6); 12, mesiobuccal cusp of the mandibular first molar (L6); 13, tip of the mandibular incisor (L1); 14, root tip of L1; 15, most labial point of U1; 16, most labial point of L1; 17, point B; 18, pogonion; 19, menton; 20, gonion; 21, pronasale; 22, subnasale; 23, upper lip superior; 24, upper lip anterior; 25, stomion; 26, lower lip anterior; 27, lower lip inferior; 28, soft tissue point B; 29, soft tissue pogonion; 30, soft tissue menton; SN-7, 7° to the sella-nasion line through the sella; FH plane, Frankfort horizontal plane; PP, palatal plane; OP, occlusal plane; MP, mandibular plane; E-line, esthetic line. B. Cephalometric linear measurements: AFH, anterior facial height; PFH, posterior facial height; UADAH, upper anterior dentoalveolar height; UPDAH, upper anterior dentoalveolar height; LADAH, lower anterior dentoalveolar height; LPDAH, lower posterior dentoalveolar height; EL to UL, esthetic line to upper lip; EL to LL, esthetic line to lower lip; ULL, upper lip length; LLL, lower lip length; ULT, upper lip thickness; LLT, lower lip thickness; MLSD, mentolabial sulcus depth; STCT, soft tissue chin thickness. C. Cephalometric angular measurements: ANB; SA, saddle angle; AA, articular angle; GA, gonial angle; MPA, mandibular plane angle; PPA, palatal plane angle; ANB angle; U1 to FH; IMPA, mandibular incisor-mandibular plane angle; IIA, interincisal angle; OPA, occlusal plane angle; NLA, nasolabial angle; MLA, mentolabial angle; ZA, Z angle. D. Cephalometric additional measurements at rest position: ILG, interlabial gap; UIE, upper incisor exposure; FWS, freeway space.

Sample distribution (n).

Variables Sex Gender ILG FWS FHR ANB
M Child Adolescent Adult Small Medium Large Small Medium Large Hyper Normo Hypo Class III Class I Class II
y<12 12≤y≤18 y>18 ILG<3 mm 3 mm≤ILG ≤4 mm ILG>4 mm FWS<1.2 mm 1.2 mm≤FWS ≤2 mm FWS>2 mm FHR<62% 62%≤FHR ≤65% FHR>65% ANB<1° 1°≤ANB ≤4° ANB>4°
Sex
 Male 47 17 18 12 14 16 17 13 12 22 6 14 27 11 21 15
 Female 57 23 17 17 26 15 16 23 19 15 19 18 20 8 27 22
Age
 Child 17 23 12 16 12 14 8 18 11 14 15 7 21 12
 Adolescent 18 17 10 11 14 10 11 14 8 10 17 7 10 18
 Adult 12 17 18 4 7 12 12 5 6 8 15 5 17 7
ILG
 Small 14 26 12 10 18 19 12 9 11 10 19 10 18 12
 Medium 16 15 16 11 4 7 11 13 6 10 15 5 17 9
 Large 17 16 12 14 7 10 8 15 8 12 13 4 13 16
FWS
 Small 13 23 14 10 12 19 7 10 10 9 17 4 20 12
 Medium 12 19 8 11 12 12 11 8 7 12 12 4 13 14
 Large 22 15 18 14 5 9 13 15 8 11 18 11 15 11
FHR
 Hyper 6 19 11 8 6 11 6 8 10 7 8 2 12 11
 Normo 14 18 14 10 8 10 10 12 9 12 11 7 14 11
 Hypo 27 20 15 17 15 19 15 13 17 12 18 10 22 15
ANB
 Class III 11 8 7 7 5 10 5 4 4 4 11 2 7 10
 Class I 21 27 21 10 17 18 17 13 20 13 15 12 14 22
 Class II 15 22 12 18 7 12 9 16 12 14 11 11 11 15
Total (each) 104 40 35 29 40 31 33 36 31 37 25 32 47 19 48 37

Cephalometric changes from maximum intercuspal position (MIP) to rest position (RP) according to the amount of interlabial gap (ILG) and freeway space (FWS) at RP.

Means (SD, mm) and P values
Total (n=104) ILG<3 (n=40) 3≤ILG≤4 (n=31) ILG>4 (n=33) P value FWS<1.2 (n=36) 1.2≤FWS≤2 (n=31) FWS>2 (n=37) P value
Skeletal variables
 Sum 1.30 (1.68) 1.15 (1.54) 1.66 (1.92) 1.15 (1.59) 0.365 (0.476) 0.64b (1.16) 0.87b (1.23) 2.30a (1.97) <0.001*** (<0.001***)
 MPA 1.26 (1.74) 1.04 (1.55) 1.62 (2.00) 1.19 (1.70) 0.362 (0.440) 0.52b (1.14) 0.97b (1.27) 2.22a (2.13) <0.001*** (<0.001***)
 AFH 2.24 (2.17) 1.81 (1.80) 2.90 (2.74) 2.16 (1.86) 0.105 (0.129) 1.14b (1.69) 1.89b (1.03) 3.61a (2.56) <0.001*** (<0.001***)
 PFH 0.23 (6.64) −1.00 (10.54) 1.15 (1.50) 0.85 (1.27) 0.326 (0.451) −1.36 (11.05) 1.06 (1.29) 1.07 (1.53) 0.210 (0.160)
 FHR (PFH/AFH) −0.49 (1.26) −0.46 (1.10) −0.59 (1.52) −0.45 (1.20) 0.882 (0.978) −0.26a,b (0.93) −0.18a (1.05) −0.98b (1.55) 0.012* (0.034*)
 ANB 0.29 (0.90) 0.26 (0.77) 0.51 (0.96) 0.12 (0.98) 0.226 −0.06b (0.60) 0.09b (0.72) 0.80a (1.06) <0.001*** (<0.001***)
 AO-BO −0.35 (1.60) −0.30 (1.22) −0.13 (1.69) −0.62 (1.91) 0.455 (0.781) −0.64 (1.15) −0.25 (1.17) −0.15 (2.19) 0.404 (0.302)
Dental variables
 OJ −0.05 (1.62) 0.32 (1.42) −0.17 (1.51) −0.39 (1.88) 0.154 (0.145) −0.50b (1.29) −0.33b (1.08) 0.62a (2.04) 0.005** (0.012*)
 OB −1.92 (1.93) −1.50 (1.65) −2.46 (2.23) −1.92 (1.89) 0.114 (0.078) −0.67a (1.06) −1.51a (1.10) −3.47b (2.10) <0.001*** (<0.001***)
 IIA −0.55 (1.58) −0.39 (1.54) −0.80 (1.74) −0.51 (1.49) 0.552 −0.24 (1.31) −0.49 (1.59) −0.91 (1.78) 0.197
 OPA 0.61 (1.47) 0.50 (1.33) 0.63 (1.60) 0.73 (1.55) 0.800 0.27b (1.25) 0.14b (1.24) 1.34a (1.60) 0.001** (0.002**)
Soft tissue variables
 NLA −2.08 (4.52) −0.81a (3.70) −1.37a (3.91) −4.29b (5.23) 0.002** (0.001**) −2.24 (4.07) −2.38 (3.81) −1.68 (5.48) 0.792
 UL-EL 0.73 (1.02) 0.72 (1.08) 0.64 (0.96) 0.84 (1.04) 0.730 (0.821) 0.49b (0.88) 0.59a,b (1.07) 1.09a (1.04) 0.028* (0.033*)
 LL-EL 1.01 (1.59) 0.51b (2.06) 1.11a,b (.88) 1.52a (1.29) 0.022* (0.052) 0.87 (1.06) 1.10 (1.12) 1.08 (2.26) 0.796 (0.254)
 ULL −0.16 (0.96) 0.16b (0.81) −0.02b (0.76) −0.69a (1.10) <0.001*** −0.35 (1.06) −0.20 (0.61) 0.06 (1.08) 0.179
 LLL −0.45 (1.62) 0.03b (1.34) 0.28b (1.42) −1.72a (1.38) <0.001*** −0.85 (1.43) −0.25 (1.60) −0.23 (1.78) 0.191
 LLR (LLL/ULL) −0.01 (0.10) −0.02 (0.10) 0.02 (0.08) −0.03 (0.11) 0.210 −0.00 (0.09) −0.00 (0.09) −0.02 (0.12) 0.721
 MLA −4.54 (5.80) −3.93 (6.26) −3.89 (4.75) −5.90 (6.05) 0.267 −4.18 (6.27) −3.11 (4.84) −6.10 (5.84) 0.094
 MLSD 0.46 (0.72) 0.30 (0.67) 0.44 (0.52) 0.69 (0.87) 0.064 0.47 (0.76) 0.28 (0.59) 0.61 (0.75) 0.178
 ULT 0.65 (1.34) 0.49 (1.50) 0.44 (1.00) 1.04 (1.36) 0.122 0.72 (1.25) 0.74 (1.11) 0.50 (1.59) 0.692
 LLT 2.20 (14.56) 0.61 (1.50) 5.46 (26.59) 1.07 (1.43) 0.330 (0.513) 0.74 (1.27) 5.73 (26.54) 0.66 (1.69) 0.276 (0.808)
 STCT −0.40 (4.71) −0.03 (0.73) −1.32 (8.27) 0.02 (2.32) 0.434 0.12 (0.86) −1.14 (8.33) −0.29 (2.04) 0.550
 Z-angle −0.74 (6.74) −0.11 (1.33) 2.26 (12.21) 0.08 (1.14) 0.331 (0.833) −0.36 (1.21) −0.20 (1.02) 2.60 (11.06) 0.113 (0.055)

Frequency distributions of lip competence and incompetence, and smile line according to the amount of interlabial gap (ILG) and freeway space (FWS) at rest position (RP).

Interlabial gap (ILG) Freeway space (FWS)
Total (n=104) Small ILG<3 mm (n = 40) n (%) Medium 3 mm≤ILG≤4 mm (n = 31) n (%) Large ILG>4 mm (n = 33) n (%) P value Small FWS<1.2 mm (n =36) n (%) Medium 1.2 mm≤FWS≤2 mm (n = 31) Large FWS>2 mm (n = 37) n (%) P value
Lip competence 27 (40.3%) 25 (37.3%) 15 (22.4%) 0.157 25 (37.3%) 19 (28.4%) 23 (34.3%) 0.658
(n = 67) (67.5%) (80.6%) (45.5%) (69.4%) (61.3%) (62.2%)
Lip incompetence 13 (35.1%) 6 (16.2%) 18 (48.6) 0.053 11 (29.7%) 12 (32.4%) 14 (37.8%) 0.828
(n = 37) (32.5%) (19.4%) (54.5%) (30.6%) (38.7) (37.8%)
P value 0.027* 0.001** 0.602 0.020* 0.209 0.139
Low smile line 8 (28.6%) 10 (35.7%) 10 (35.7%) 0.867 11 (39.3%) 7 (25.0%) 10 (35.7%) 0.629
(n = 28) (20.0) (32.3%) (30.3%) (30.6%) (22.6%) (27.0%)
Average smile line 29 (46.0%) 17 (27.0%) 17 (27.0%) 0.102 20 (31.7%) 19 (30.2%) 24 (38.1%) 0.717
(n = 63) (72.5%) (54.8%) (51.5%) (55.6%) (61.3%) (64.9%)
High smile line 3 (23.1%) 4 (30.8%) 6 (46.2%) 0.584 5 (38.5%) 5 (38.5%) 3 (23.1%) 0.735
(n = 13) (7.5%) (12.9%) (18.2%) (13.9%) (16.1%) (8.1%)
P value <0.001*** 0.017* 0.060 0.009** 0.004** <0.001***

Cephalometric measurements at rest position (RP) according to the amount of interlabial gap (ILG) and freeway space (FWS) at RP.

Means (SD, mm) and P values
Total (n=104) ILG<3 (n=40) 3≤ILG≤4 (n=31) ILG>4 (n=33) P value FWS<1.2 (n=36) 1.2≤FWS≤2 (n=31) FWS>2 (n=37) P value
Skeletal variables
 Sum 397.04 (6.36) 396.88 (6.38) 396.11 (6.10) 398.10 (6.61) 0.454 397.75 (6.28) 396.11(5.71) 397.13 (7.00) 0.574
 MPA 28.65 (5.67) 28.62 (5.25) 27.48 (4.94) 29.78 (6.68) 0.273 29.06 (6.05) 27.80 (4.95) 28.96 (5.94) 0.611
 AFH 131.33 (10.65) 131.83 (11.82) 128.02 (9.52) 133.84 (9.63) 0.085 (0.088) 131.50 (11.26) 131.74 (10.59) 130.82 (10.37) 0.934
 PFH 84.32 (12.36) 83.61 (15.72) 83.60 (10.34) 85.87 (9.29) 0.689 (0.730) 82.29 (14.99) 86.58 (11.04) 84.41 (10.41) 0.368 (0.755)
 FHR (PFH/AFH) 64.63 (4.95) 64.63 (5.12) 65.16 (4.78) 64.12 (4.98) 0.708 64.05 (4.66) 65.56 (4.91) 64.41 (5.26) 0.439 (0.599)
 ANB 3.31 (2.61) 2.58 (2.68) 3.49 (2.34) 4.03 (2.60) 0.055 (0.100) 3.22 (2.39) 3.54 (2.21) 3.21 (3.12) 0.845
 AO-BO −3.10 (4.05) −3.80 (4.75) −3.15 (3.41) −2.21 (3.58) 0.247 (0.255) −3.40 (3.35) −2.11 (3.49) −3.63 (4.95) 0.262 (0.306)
Dental variables
 OJ 3.52 (2.68) 2.91 (2.77) 3.64 (2.65) 4.13 (2.51) 0.143 3.07 (2.44) 3.89 (2.11) 3.64 (3.27) 0.437 (.282)
 OB 0.19 (2.57) 0.09 (2.66) 0.11 (2.54) 0.37 (2.55) 0.881 (0.881) 1.22b (2.07) 0.68b (1.62) −1.24a (3.03) <0.001*** (0.001**)
 IIA 123.03 (10.81) 124.08b (8.40) 127.27b (12.49) 117.76a (9.84) 0.001** 121.04a (9.47) 119.37a (9.14) 128.03b (11.69) 0.001**
 OPA 12.92 (4.50) 12.16 (4.08) 13.17 (4.35) 13.60 (5.09) 0.374 13.01 (3.86) 11.62 (4.99) 13.91 (4.50) 0.111
 FWS 1.87 (1.24) 1.58 (1.15) 2.18 (1.43) 1.94 (1.09) 0.119 (0.097) 0.79 (0.33)a 1.60b (0.21) 3.16c (1.13) <0.001*** (<0.001***)
Soft tissue variables
 NLA 93.25 (10.37) 92.92 (10.79) 92.92 (10.75) 93.96 (9.76) 0.894 (0.921) 95.48 (9.03) 92.27 (12.91) 91.90 (9.07) 0.279 (0.217)
 UL-EL 2.03 (3.03) 0.64a (2.96) 2.27a,b (2.66) 3.49b (2.74) <0.001*** (<0.001***) 1.90 (3.26) 1.97 (2.71) 2.20 (3.12) 0.907 (0.669)
 LL-EL 3.72 (3.05) 2.64a (2.56) 3.17a (2.64) 5.55b (3.18) <0.001*** (<0.001***) 4.09 (3.24) 3.84 (2.57) 3.27 (3.24) 0.506 (0.912)
 ULL 27.87 (3.10) 28.16a,b (3.13) 26.63a (3.04) 28.69b (2.82) 0.021* 28.35 (3.06) 27.90 (3.50) 27.39 (2.77) 0.418
 LLL 48.11 (5.36) 48.86 (5.78) 47.23 (5.51) 48.02 (4.68) 0.447 47.44 (5.27) 48.23 (4.71) 48.86 (6.00) 0.620
 LLR (LLL/ULL) 2.02 (0.20) 2.01 (0.22) 2.05 (0.21) 2.01 (0.18) 0.662 1.97 (0.20) 2.03 (0.21) 2.06 (0.20) 0.124
 MLA 143.99 (12.34) 145.95 (13.66) 141.06 (10.54) 144.35 (12.04) 0.249 143.53 (13.07) 146.44 (12.17) 142.37 (11.74) 0.387
 MLSD 4.17 (1.55) 3.86 (1.57) 4.55 (1.52) 4.19 (1.51) 0.183 4.22 (1.68) 3.85 (1.42) 4.39 (1.51) 0.353
 ULT 14.92 (2.47) 14.59 (2.05) 15.33 (2.87) 14.94 (2.53) 0.462 14.16a (2.34) 14.46a (2.23) 16.05b (2.42) 0.002**
 LLT 18.10 (14.50) 16.31 (1.70) 21.49 (26.37) 17.096 (2.15) 0.294 (0.329) 16.33 (1.81) 21.31 (26.41) 17.13 (1.91) 0.332 (0.185)
 STCT 13.74 (2.38) 13.54 (2.18) 14.08 (2.43) 13.66 (2.59) 0.485 13.40 (2.17) 13.81 (2.00) 14.01 (2.85) 0.536
 Z-angle 73.12 (8.43) 74.16 (5.56) 72.76 (12.98) 72.21 (5.57) 0.596 (0.204) 73.47 (4.94) 73.71 (5.72) 72.31 (12.30) 0.761 (0.612)
 UIE 2.60 (1.89) 1.94a (1.62) 2.36a (1.48) 3.61b (2.15) <0.001*** (0.001**) 2.66 (1.88) 2.76 (1.86) 2.10 (1.95) 0.711 (0.623)
 ILG 3.58(1.74) 2.02a (0.65) 3.46b (0.26) 5.54c (1.46) <0.001*** (0.001**) 3.24 (1.80) 3.38 (1.35) 4.04 (1.90) 0.111 (0.088)

Definitions of the cephalometric variables used in this study.

Variables Definition
Distances (mm)
 AFH (anterior facial height) Distance between nasion to menton
 PFH (posterior facial height) Distance between sella to gonion
 AO-BO (Wits appraisal) Distance between point A and point B parallel to occlusal plane
 OJ (incisor overjet) Distance between the incisal tips of the mandibular and maxillary central incisors parallel to the occlusal plane
 OB (incisor overbite) Distance between the incisal tips of the mandibular and maxillary central incisors perpendicular to the occlusal plane
 UADAH (upper anterior dentoalveolar height) Perpendicular distance between the incisal tips of the maxillary central incisors and palatal plane
 UPDAH (upper posterior dentoalveolar height) Perpendicular distance between the mesiobuccal cusp tips of the maxillary first molars and palatal plane
 LADAH (lower anterior dentoalveolar height) Perpendicular distance between the incisal tips of the mandibular central incisors and palatal plane
 LPDAH (lower posterior dentoalveolar height) Perpendicular distance between the mesiobuccal cusp tips of the mandibular first molars and palatal plane
 UL-EL (upper lip-esthetic line) Perpendicular distance between the upper lip anterior and esthetic line connecting the pronasale and soft tissue pogonion
 LL-EL (lower lip-esthetic line) Perpendicular distance between the lower lip anterior and esthetic line connecting the pronasale and soft tissue pogonion
 ULL (upper lip length) Distance between subnasale to stomion superioris perpendicular to the Frankfort horizontal (FH) plane connecting porion and orbitale
 LLL (lower lip length) Distance between soft tissue menton to stomion inferioris perpendicular to the Frankfort horizontal (FH) plane
 ULT (upper lip thickness) Distance between the most labial point of the maxillary central incisors and upper lip anterior
 LLT (lower lip thickness) Distance between the most labial point of the mandibular central incisors and lower lip anterior
 MLSD (mentolabial sulcus depth) Perpendicular distance between soft tissue point B and line connecting the lower lip inferior and soft tissue pogonion
 STCT (soft tissue chin thickness) Distance between pogonion and soft tissue pogonion
 FWS (freeway space) Perpendicular distance between the mesiobuccal cusps of the maxillary first molars and the mandibular posterior occlusal plane connecting the mesiobuccal cusps of the mandibular first and second molars
 ILG (interlabial gap) Distance between the upper and lower stomions perpendicular to the SN-7 (7° to the sella-nasion line through the sella)
 UIE (upper incisor exposure) Distance between the upper stomion and incisal edge of the maxillary incisor at rest position
Angles (°)
 Bjork Sum Sum of SA (saddle angle), AA (articular angle), and GA (gonial angle)
 MPA (mandibular plane angle) Angle between FH plane and mandibular plane connecting menton and gonion
 PPA (palatal plane angle) Angle between FH plane and palatal plane connecting the anterior nasal spine and posterior nasal spine
 ANB Angle formed by point A, nasion, and point B
 U1 to FH Angle between the long axis of the maxillary incisors and FH plane
 IMPA (incisor-mandibular plane angle) Angle between the mandibular plane and long axis of the mandibular central incisors
 IIA (interincisal angle) Angle between the long axes of the maxillary and mandibular central incisors
 OPA (occlusal plane angle) Angle between FH plane and occlusal plane connecting the midpoint of the mesiobuccal cusp tips of the maxillary and mandibular first molars and midpoint of the incisal tips of the maxillary and mandibular central incisors
 NLA (nasolabial angle) Angle formed by columella, subnasale, and labiale superius
 MLA (mentolabial angle) Angle formed by lower lip anterior, soft tissue point B, and soft tissue pogonion
 Z-angle Angle between FH plane and line tangent to soft tissue pogonion and vermillion border of the most prominent lips

Interlabial gap (ILG) and freeway space (FWS) according to gender, age, and skeletal patterns (mm).

Means (standard deviations) and P values
Total (n=104) Male (n=47) Female (n=57) P value Child (n=40) Adolescent (n=35) Adult (n=29) P value Hyper (n=25) Normo (n=32) Hypo (n=47) P value Class III (n=19) Class I (n=48) Class II (n=37) P value
ILG 3.56 (1.74) 3.84 (1.89) 3.34 (1.58) 0.152 3.52a,b (1.54) 4.08b (2.02) 3.01a (1.47) 0.045* (.058) 3.55 (2.13) 3.65 (1.41) 3.52 (1.75) .946 (.517) 3.29 (1.67) 3.47 (1.71) 3.83 (1.82) .473 (.374)
FWS 1.87 (1.24) 2.25 (1.46) 1.56 (0.92) 0.006** 1.89 (1.14) 2.06 (1.40) 1.62 (1.15) 0.371 (0.323) 1.61 (0.84) 1.88 (1.16) 2.01 (1.45) 0.433 (0.768) 2.63b (1.73) 1.78a (1.21) 1.61a (0.76) 0.010* (0.080)

Cephalometric measurements at maximum intercuspal position (MIP) according to the amount of interlabial gap (ILG) and freeway space (FWS) at rest position (RP).

Means (SD, mm) and P values
Total (n=104) ILG<3 (n=40) 3≤ILG≤4 (n=31) ILG>4 (n=33) P value FWS<1.2 (n=36) 1.2≤FWS≤2 (n=31) FWS>2 (n=37) P value
Skeletal variables
 Sum 395.74 (6.14) 395.73 (6.12) 394.45 (5.75) 396.95 (6.43) 0.268 397.11 (6.64) 395.23 (5.17) 394.82 (6.29) 0.245
 MPA 27.39 (5.37) 27.58 (5.05) 25.86 (4.39) 28.59 (6.32) 0.122 28.54 (6.24) 26.83 (4.41) 26.74 (5.15) 0.287
 PPA 1.08 (3.22) 1.48 (2.88) 0.95 (2.51) 0.70 (4.13) 0.570 (0.578) 1.27 (3.64) 1.17 (3.00) 0.81 (3.04) 0.815
 AFH 129.09 (10.62) 130.02 a,b (11.75) 125.12a (8.81) 131.67 b (9.93) 0.035* (0.057) 130.35 (11.54) 129.85 (10.70) 127.21 (9.58) 0.405
 PFH 84.09 (9.56) 84.61 (9.86) 82.44 (9.88) 85.02 (8.95) 0.514 83.64 (8.09) 85.52 (10.56) 83.33 (10.11) 0.609 (0.771)
 FHR (PFH/AFH) 65.12 (4.74) 65.09 (4.90) 65.75 (4.67) 64.57 (4.67) 0.615 64.31 (4.86) 65.74 (4.40) 65.40 (4.91) 0.428 (0.599)
 ANB 3.02 (2.77) 2.32 (3.03) 2.98 (2.25) 3.91 (2.73) 0.051 3.28 (2.55) 3.45 (2.36) 2.41 (3.23) 0.239
 AO-BO −2.75 (4.07) −3.50 (5.05) −3.02 (3.07) −1.59 (3.36) 0.122 (0.064) −2.77 (3.42) −1.86 (3.83) −3.48 (4.76) 0.263 (0.471)
Dental variables
 OJ 3.57 (3.06) 2.59 (3.35) 3.81 (2.70) 4.53 (2.71) 0.021$ (0.014$) 3.57 (2.74) 4.22 (2.48) 3.02 (3.69) 0.276 (0.380)
 OB 2.11 (1.98) 1.59 (2.03) 2.57 (2.00) 2.30 (1.79) 0.093 1.90 (1.92) 2.19 (1.78) 2.24 (2.21) 0.738
 U1 to FH 114.57 (7.85) 114.81 (6.35) 112.65 (9.90) 116.09 (7.16) 0.211 114.93a,b (6.59) 117.30b (7.93) 111.95a (8.26) 0.017* (0.051)
 IMPA 94.46 (7.95) 93.13 (8.97) 93.41 (7.97) 97.05 (5.98) 0.074 (0.040) 95.26 (7.83) 96.02 (7.89) 92.38 (7.90) 0.129
 IIA 123.58 (11.05) 124.48a,b (8.99) 128.07b (12.63) 118.27a (9.76) 0.001** 121.28a (9.86) 119.86a (9.57) 128.93b (11.48) 0.001**
 OPA 12.30 (4.31) 11.66 (3.66) 12.53 (4.33) 12.87 (4.99) 0.466 12.74 (3.84) 11.48 (4.89) 12.57 (4.24) 0.447
 UADH 30.94 (3.28) 30.71a,b (3.46) 29.78a (2.94) 32.29b (2.95) 0.007** 31.44 (3.39) 31.02 (3.47) 30.37 (3.00) 0.378
 UPDH 24.15 (3.86) 24.69 (4.09) 22.73 (3.59) 24.83 (3.56) 0.048$ (0.056) 24.53 (3.87) 24.64 (4.11) 23.37 (3.60) 0.309
 LADH 44.16 (4.53) 43.87a,b (4.60) 42.70a (3.72) 45.90b (4.69) 0.015* 44.38 (4.67) 44.84 (4.53) 43.39 (4.40) 0.398
 LPDH 34.82 (3.98) 34.52 (4.23) 34.11 (3.54) 35.87 (3.94) 0.172 (0.167) 34.74 (3.46) 35.52 (4.60) 34.33 (3.90) 0.469 (0.450)
Soft tissue variables
 NLA 95.33 (10.98) 93.73 (11.61) 94.29 (11.01) 98.26 (9.87) 0.177 97.72 (9.12) 94.66 (12.65) 93.58 (11.04) 0.254
 UL-EL 1.30 (3.20) −0.08a (3.14) 1.63a,b (2.58) 2.65b (3.21) 0.001** (<0.001***) 1.41 (3.51) 1.38 (2.74) 1.12 (3.32) 0.913 (0.951)
 LL-EL 2.71 (3.15) 2.13a (3.13) 2.06a (2.53) 4.02b (3.37) 0.013* (0.010*) 3.22 (3.37) 2.74 (2.71) 2.19 (3.26) 0.381 (0.496)
 ULL 28.03 (3.32) 27.99a,b (3.39) 26.65a (3.05) 29.37b (3.02) −.004** 28.70 (3.26) 28.10 (3.55) 27.32 (3.11) 0.208
 LLL 48.56 (5.26) 48.84 (5.76) 46.95 (4.74) 49.74 (4.84) 0.096 48.29 (5.33) 48.48 (4.80) 48.89 (5.67) 0.884
 LLR (LLL/ULL) 2.03 (0.23) 2.02 (0.26) 2.03 (0.21) 2.04 (0.21) 0.958 (0.797) 1.97 (0.22) 2.03 (0.21) 2.08 (0.24) 0.107 (0.120)
 MLA 148.53 (12.30) 149.88 (11.90) 144.95 (12.17) 150.26 (12.57) 0.153 147.71 (11.63) 149.55 (12.25) 148.47 (13.22) 0.832
 MLSD 3.71 (1.45) 3.57 (1.40) 4.11 (1.65) 3.50 (1.28) 0.182 3.75 (1.35) 3.57 (1.39) 3.78 (1.62) 0.814
 ULT 14.27 (2.58) 14.11 (2.13) 14.89 (2.89) 13.90 (2.75) 0.272 13.44a (2.32) 13.72b (1.98) 15.55c (2.81) 0.001**
 LLT 15.90 (2.17) 15.70 (2.17) 16.03 (2.06) 16.02 (2.33) 0.766 15.59 (2.06) 15.58 (1.89) 16.47 (2.43) 0.141
 STCT 14.14 (5.03) 13.57 (2.12) 15.41 (8.24) 13.64 (3.16) 0.248 (0.624) 13.28 (2.00) 14.95 (8.21) 14.30 (3.30) 0.391 (0.509)
 Z-angle 73.87 (5.64) 74.27 (5.83) 75.01 (5.24) 72.29 (5.60) 0.132(0.110) 73.11 (5.00) 73.51 (5.87) 74.90 (6.02) 0.367
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