Timely Anticoagulant Thromboprophylaxis is Safe and Effective in the Care of Patients Suffering Traumatic Brain Injury

American College of Chest Physicians (2008), ‘Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy: Evi denced Based Practice Guidelines’, 8’h edn, Chest, 133(6_suppl): 67S-70S10.1016/S0012-3692(08)60110-5Search in Google Scholar

Andrews, PL & Habashi, NM (2010), ‘Detecting, manag ing and preventing pulmonary embolism: reducing your patients’ risk of deep vein thrombosis can help stave off the potentially lethal threat of pul monary embolism’. American Nurse Today, vol. 5, no. 9, September, pp. 21-26.Search in Google Scholar

Barillari, G & Pasca, S (2009), ‘Practical use of intermit tent pneumatic compression as thromboprophy laxis in neurosurgery’. Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences, vol. 53, no. 2, June, pp.45-48.Search in Google Scholar

Chaichana, KL, Pendleton, C, Jackson, C, Martinez-Gutierrez, JC, Diaz-Stransky, A, Aguayo, J, Olivi, A, Weingart, J, Gallia, G, Lim, M, Brem, H & Qui nones-Hinojosa, A. (2013), ‘Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolisms in adult patients under going craniotomy for brain tumours’. Journal of Neurology Research, vol. 35, no. 2, March, pp. 206-211, viewed 18 August, 2014, PubMed Data base (U.S. National Library of Medicine).10.1179/1743132812Y.0000000126Search in Google Scholar

Cohen, AT, Tapson, VF, Bergmann, JF, Goldhaber, SZ, Kakkar, AK, Deslandes, B, Huang, W, Zayaruzny, M, Emery, L & Anderson, FA (2008), ‘Venous thromboembolism risk and prophylaxis in the acute hospital care setting (ENDORSE study): a multinational cross-sectional study’. The Lancet, vol. 371, no. 9610, February, pp. 387-394, viewed 18 August 2014, PubMed Database (U.S. Nation al Library of Medicine).10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60202-0Search in Google Scholar

Delaune, A, Nanda, A & Barker, E (2008), ‘Cranial sur gery’, in Barker, E (ed), Neuroscience nursing: a spectrum of care, 3rd edn, Mosby Elsevier, Mis souri, pp. 249-277.Search in Google Scholar

Depew, AJ, Hu, CK, Nguyen, AC & Driessen, N (2008), ‘Thromboembolic prophylaxis in blunt traumatic intracranial hemorrhage: A retrosprective review’. The American Surgeon, vol. 74, no. 10, October, pp. 906-911.10.1177/000313480807401005Search in Google Scholar

Dudley, RR, Aziz, I, Bonnici, A, Saluja, RS, Lamourex, J, Kalmovitch, B, Gurasahaney, A, Razez, T, Maleki, M & Marcoux, J (2010), ‘Early venous thrombo embolic event prophylaxis in traumatic brain injury with low-molecular weight heparin: risks and ben efits’. Journal of Neurotrauma, vol. 27, no. 12, December, pp. 2165-2172, viewed 18 August 2014, PubMed Database (U.S. National Library of Medicine).10.1089/neu.2010.136620939698Search in Google Scholar

Farooqui, A, Hiser, B, Barnes, SL & Litofsky, NS (2013), ‘Safety and efficacy of early thromboembolism chemoprophylaxis after intracranial hemorrhage from traumatic brain injury’. Journal of Neurosur gery, vol. 119, no. 6, December, pp. 1576-1582, viewed 18 August 2014, PubMed Database (U.S. National Library of Medicine).10.3171/2013.8.JNS1342424053504Search in Google Scholar

Hix, CD & Tamburri, LM (2009), ‘Acute respiratory failure’, in Sole, ML, Klein, DG & Moseley, MJ (eds), Intro duction to critical care nursing, 5th edn, Saunders Elsevier, Missouri, pp. 439-474.Search in Google Scholar

Maclean, RM (2014), ‘Venous thromboembolism: preven tion, diagnosis and treatment’, in Paterson-Brown, S (ed), Core topics in general and emergency surgery: a companion to specialist surgical prac tice, 5th edn, Saunders Elsevier, China, pp. 268286.Search in Google Scholar

Mathers, DM (2015), ‘Nursing management: lower respire atory problems’, in Brown, D, Edwards, H, Sea ton, L, Buckley, T, Lewis, SL, Dirksen, SR, Heitkemper, MM & Bucher, L (eds), Lewis's medi cal-surgical nursing: assessment and manage ment of clinical problems, 4th edn, Mosby Elsevier, New South Wales, pp. 524-563.Search in Google Scholar

Minshall, CT, Eriksson, EA, Leon, SM, Doben, AR, McKinzie, BP & Fakhry, SM (2011), ‘Safety and efficacy of heparin or enoxaparin prophylaxis in blunt trauma patients with a head abbreviated injury severity score >2’. The Journal of Trauma Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol. 71, no. 2, August, pp. 396-400, viewed August 18 2014, CINAHL Database.10.1097/TA.0b013e31822734c921825943Search in Google Scholar

Niemi, T & Armstrong, E (2010), ‘Thromboprophylactic management in the neurosurgical patient with high risk for both thrombosis and intracranial bleeding’, Current Opinion in Anesthesiology, vol. 23, no. 5, October, pp. 558-563, viewed August 18 2014, CINAHL Database.10.1097/ACO.0b013e32833e158920717013Search in Google Scholar

Phelan, HA (2012), ‘Pharmacologic venous thromboem bolism prophylaxis after traumatic brain injury: a critical literature review’. Journal of Neurotrauma, vol. 29, no. 10, July, pp. 1821-1828, viewed 18 August 2014, PubMed Database (U.S. National Library of Medicine).10.1089/neu.2012.2459339098022651698Search in Google Scholar

Reiff, DA, Haricharan, RN, Bullington, NM, Griffin, RL, McGwin, G & Rue, LW (2009), ‘Traumatic brain injury is associated with the development of deep vein thrombosis independent of pharmacological prophylaxis’. The Journal of Trauma Injury, Infec tion, and Critical Care, vol. 66, no. 5, May, pp. 1436-1440, viewed August 18 2014, CINAHL Database.10.1097/TA.0b013e31817fdf1c19430251Search in Google Scholar

Salottolo, K, Offner, P, Levy, AS, Mains, CW, Slone, DS & Bar-Or, D (2011), ‘Interrupted pharmocologic thromboprophylaxis increases venous thrombo embolism in traumatic brain injury’, The Journal of Trauma Injury, Infection and Critical Care, vol. 70, no. 1, January, pp. 19-26, viewed 01 September 2014, Ovid Medline.10.1097/TA.0b013e318207c54d21217476Search in Google Scholar

Scales, DC, Riva-Cambrin, J, Wells, D, Athaide, V, Gran ton, JT & Detsky, A. (2010), ‘Prophylactic antico agulation to prevent venous thromboembolism in traumatic intracranial hemorrhage: a decision analysis’. Journal of Critical Care, vol. 14, no. 2, April, pp. 1-10, viewed August 18 2014, PubMed Database (U.S. National Library of Medicine).10.1186/cc8980288719520406444Search in Google Scholar

Scales, DC, Riva-Cambrin, J, Le, TL, Pinto, R, Cook, DJ & Granton, JT (2009), ‘Prophylaxis against ve nous thromboembolism in neurointensive care patients: survery of Canadian practice’. Journal of Critical Care, vol. 24, no. 2, June, pp. 176-184, viewed 18 August 2014, CINAHL Database.10.1016/j.jcrc.2009.03.01019501306Search in Google Scholar

Scruth, E & Haynes, A (2014), ‘Cardiovascular disorders' in Urden, LD, Stacy, KM & Lough, ME (eds), Criti cal care nursing: diagnosis and management, 7th edn, Mosby Elsevier, Missouri, pp. 338-412.Search in Google Scholar

Scudday, T, Brasel, K, Webb, T, Codner, P, Somberg, L, Weigelt, J, Herrmann, D & Peppard, W (2011), ‘Safety and efficacy of prophylactic anticoagula tion in patients with traumtatic brain injury’, Ameri can College of Surgeons, vol. 213, no. 1, July, pp. 148-153, viewed August 18 2014, PubMed Data base (U.S. National Library of Medicine).10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2011.02.02721459632Search in Google Scholar

Söhne, M, Vink, R & Büller, HR (2009), ‘Clinical presenta tion of deep vein thrombosis' in Beek, EJR, Büller, HR & Oudkerk, M (eds), Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, John Wiley & Sons, West Sussex, pp. 55-60.Search in Google Scholar

Taniguchi, S, Fukuda, I, Daitoku, K, Minakawa, M, Odagi ri, S, Suzuki, Y, Fukui, K, Asano, K & Ohkuma, H (2009), ‘Prevalence of venous thromboembolism in neurosurgical patients’. Heart Vessels, vol. 24, no. 6, November, pp. 425-428, viewed August 18 2014, PubMed Database (U.S. National Library of Medicine).10.1007/s00380-008-1135-920108074Search in Google Scholar

Urden, LD, Stacy, KM & Lough, ME (2015), ‘Pritorites of critical care nursing’, 7th edn, Mosby Elsevier, Missouri.Search in Google Scholar

Welch, E (2010), ‘Venous thromboembolism: a nurse's guide to prevention and management’, Wiley-Blackwell, United Kingdom.Search in Google Scholar