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EVALUATION OF ECOLOGICAL CONCRETE USING MULTI-CRITERIA ECOLOGICAL INDEX AND PERFORMANCE INDEX APPROACH

Wojciech KUBISSA

Wojciech KUBISSA

Faculty of Civil Engineering, Mechanics and Petrochemistry, Warsaw University of TechnologyPłock, Poland
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KUBISSA, Wojciech
, 
Roman JASKULSKI

Roman JASKULSKI

Faculty of Civil Engineering, Mechanics and Petrochemistry, Warsaw University of TechnologyPłock, Poland
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JASKULSKI, Roman
, 
Jiajian CHEN

Jiajian CHEN

Department of Civil Engineering, Foshan UniversityFoshan, China
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CHEN, Jiajian
, 
Pui-Lam NG

Pui-Lam NG

Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical UniversityVilnius, Lithuania
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NG, Pui-Lam
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Wioletta GODLEWSKA

Wioletta GODLEWSKA

Faculty of Civil Engineering, Mechanics and Petrochemistry, Warsaw University of TechnologyPłock, Poland
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GODLEWSKA, Wioletta
 und 
Pavel REITERMAN

Pavel REITERMAN

Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Experimental CentrePrague, Poland
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REITERMAN, Pavel
  
20. Mai 2019
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Artikel-Kategorie: research-article
Online veröffentlicht: 20. Mai 2019
Seitenbereich: 97 - 107
Eingereicht: 15. Mai 2018
Akzeptiert: 15. Nov. 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/acee-2019-009
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© 2019 Wojciech KUBISSA et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Ecological Index results
Ecological Index results

Figure 2.

Ecological Index plotted against reciprocal of Performance Index
Ecological Index plotted against reciprocal of Performance Index

Sample calculations of CO2 emissions and raw materials usage

Concrete ingredients Amount (kg/m3) Emission factor (kg CO2/kg) Distance (km) Emission - transport (kg CO2/kg) Raw materials factor (kg/kg) Total emission (kg CO2/m3) Total raw materials usage (kg/m3)
CEM I 32.5R 300 0.850 150 5.18E-05 0.80 255.0+2.3 240.0
Natural sand 0-2 mm 280 0.005 30 6.30E-05 0.50 1.4+0.5 140.0
Fly ash Class F 200 0.000 0 5.18E-05 0.00 1.6+1.0 0.00
Natural gravel 2-16 mm 1367 0.008 30 6.30E-05 1.00 10.9+2.6 1367.0
Superplasticizer (SP FK-88) 4 0.250 300 2.21E-04 2.25 1.0+0.3 9.0
Water 200 0.001 0 0 0.10 0.2+0.0 20.0
Concrete production sum: 2351 0.008 - - - 18.8 -
Total value: - - - - - 295.7 1776.0

Calculations of CO2 emissions and raw materials usage for reference values

Concrete ingredients Amount (kg/m3) Emission factor (kg CO2/kg) Distance (km) Emission - transport (kg CO2/kg) Raw materials factor (kg/kg) Total emission (kg CO2/m3) Total raw materials usage (kg/m3)
CEM I 42.5R 480 0.850 150 5.18E-05 0.80 408.0+7.5 384.0
Natural sand 0-2 mm 416 0.005 30 6.30E-05 0.20 2.1+0.8 208.0
Crushed basalt 2-16 mm 1247 0.008 30 6.30E-05 0.35 10.0+23.6 1169.1
Metakaolin 72 0.175 200 5.18E-05 1.54 12.6+0.7 110.9
Superplasticizer (SP FK-88) 15 0.250 300 2.21E-04 2.25 3.8+1.0 33.8
Water 179 0.001 0 0 0.10 0.2+0.0 17.9
Concrete production sum: 2409 0.008 - - - 19.3 -
Total value: - - - - - 489.4 1923.6

CO2 emission factors of concrete ingredient materials

Concrete ingredient material Emission factor (kg CO2/kg) Source Accepted value (kg CO2/kg) Raw materials factor (kg/kg)
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) / CEM I 0.8200.9440.7301.000 [32][29][22][33] 0.850 0.80
Silica fume 0.020 [22] 0.020 0.00
Metakaolin 0.175 [33] 0.175 1.54
Ground granulated blast-furnace slag 0.14300.0265 [32][29] 0.100 0.00
Fly ash 0.02700.01960.0080 [32][29][22] 0.008 0.00
Coarse aggregates 0.04590.00750.0050 [32][29][22] 0.008 1.00
Fine aggregates 0.01390.00260.0050 [32][29][22] 0.005 0.50
Water 1.96×10-4 0.001 [29][22] 0.001 0.10
Admixture 0.250 [29] 0.250 2.25

Concrete mix proportions

Concrete ID Cement Class F fly ash Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate SCM Admixture Water
Concrete I [35]
REC1 300/C1 300 473/FA1 172/FA2 325/CA1 390/CA2 60/SC1 10/A1 190
REC2 300/C1 300 473/FA1 156/FA3 325/CA1 390/CA2 60/SC1 10/A1 193
REC3 300/C2 300 467/FA1 170/FA2 321/CA1 385/CA2 60/SC1 10/A1 197
REC4 300/C3 300 470/FA1 171/FA2 322/CA1 387/CA2 60/SC1 10/A1 193
REC5 300/C4 300 466/FA1 170/FA2 320/CA1 384/CA2 60/SC1 10/A1 192
REC6 300/C1 300 427/FA1 155/FA2 293/CA1 351/CA2 100/SC2 11/A1 212
HPC Concrete [36]
HPC 480/C1 - 416/FA1 - 1247/CA5 - 72/SC1 15/A1 179
Concrete II [34]
C I 400/C5 - 301/FA1 - 1468/CA4 - - 4/A2 200
C II 300/C5 200 280/FA1 - 1367/CA4 - - 4/A2 200
C III 300/C5 200 272/FA1 - 1327/CA4 - 40/SC3 4/A2 200
C IV 300/C5 200 272/FA1 - 1330/CA4 - 40/SC1 4/A2 200
C I R 400/C5 - 584/FA1 - 1073/CA3 - - 4/A2 200
C II R 300/C5 200 543/FA1 - 999/CA3 - - 4/A2 200
C III R 300/C5 200 527/FA1 - 970/CA3 - 40/SC3 4/A2 200
C IV R 300/C5 200 529/FA1 - 973/CA3 - 40/SC1 4/A2 200
Concrete III [11]
REC1 300/C4 200 538/FA1 196/FA2 369/CA1 443/CA2 - 8/A1 172
REC2 300/C4 200 505/FA1 184/FA2 347/CA1 416/CA2 50/SC3 8/A1 186
REC3 300/C4 200 509/FA1 185/FA2 349/CA1 419/CA2 50/SC1 8/A1 185
REC4 300/C4 200 498/FA1 181/FA2 342/CA1 410/CA2 50/SC4 8/A1 183
REC5 300/C4 200 517/FA1 188/FA2 355/CA1 426/CA2 30/SC4 8/A1 175
REC6 300/C4 200 507/FA1 184/FA2 348/CA1 417/CA2 50/SC2 9/A1 183
REC7 300/C4 125 493/FA1 179/FA2 338/CA1 406/CA2 125/SC2 10/A1 201

EI and PI values of concrete mixes

Concrete ID Ecological Index (EI) Performance Index (PI) Gross Ecological and Performance Indicator (GEPI)
Concrete I [35]
REC1 0.693 0.981 1.232
REC2 0.677 0.886 1.316
REC3 0.682 0.954 1.251
REC4 0.627 1.006 1.176
REC5 0.517 1.091 1.052
REC6 0.663 0.880 1.315
HPC Concrete [36]
HPC 0.990 1.401 1.220
Concrete II [34]
C I 0.938 0.639 1.825
C II 0.864 0.628 1.812
C III 0.858 0.701 1.664
C IV 0.871 0.595 1.892
C I R 0.731 0.688 1.627
C II R 0.651 0.622 1.735
C III R 0.650 0.753 1.478
C IV R 0.667 0.726 1.531
Concrete III [11]
REC1 0.507 0.991 1.129
REC2 0.503 0.986 1.132
REC3 0.530 1.146 1.021
REC4 0.528 1.240 0.964
REC5 0.519 1.542 0.831
REC6 0.503 1.043 1.083
REC7 0.501 0.865 1.260
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