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Health-Affirming Everyday Landscapes in Sustainable City. Theories and Tools


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Figure 1.

Murin-an garden, Kioto, from Meiji period (1868–1912), composed with a borrowed scenery of distant hills (landscape architect Jifee Ogawa), surrounds historic villa from 1894-96 (today: national place of scenery). Photo: A. Sas-Bojarska
Murin-an garden, Kioto, from Meiji period (1868–1912), composed with a borrowed scenery of distant hills (landscape architect Jifee Ogawa), surrounds historic villa from 1894-96 (today: national place of scenery). Photo: A. Sas-Bojarska

Figure 2.

Public garden Kōraku-en, Okayama, build in 1700 r. (Edo period), one of three most beautiful gardens in Japan, composed with borrowed scenery of Okayama Tenshu-kaku castle (today: national special scenic spot) Photo: A. Sas-Bojarska
Public garden Kōraku-en, Okayama, build in 1700 r. (Edo period), one of three most beautiful gardens in Japan, composed with borrowed scenery of Okayama Tenshu-kaku castle (today: national special scenic spot) Photo: A. Sas-Bojarska

Figure 3.

Kiyomizu-dera, Kioto – a complex of buddist temples, more than 1200 years old, inscribed on the UNESCO list, situated on the Otowa Mountains Hill; Terraces offer views of Kioto and surrounding landscape; Photo: A. Sas-Bojarska
Kiyomizu-dera, Kioto – a complex of buddist temples, more than 1200 years old, inscribed on the UNESCO list, situated on the Otowa Mountains Hill; Terraces offer views of Kioto and surrounding landscape; Photo: A. Sas-Bojarska

Figure 4.

West Kawloon – artistic cultural district of Hong-Kong; beautifully landscaped garden (favored even by flamingoes), surrounded by high-rise residential and commercial buildings. Photo: A. Sas-Bojarska
West Kawloon – artistic cultural district of Hong-Kong; beautifully landscaped garden (favored even by flamingoes), surrounded by high-rise residential and commercial buildings. Photo: A. Sas-Bojarska

Figure 5.

Japanese Mori Garden, situated at the foot of Roppongi Hills, revitalized district of Tokio, surrounded by the dense urban tissue of high-rise buildings. Photo: A. Sas-Bojarska
Japanese Mori Garden, situated at the foot of Roppongi Hills, revitalized district of Tokio, surrounded by the dense urban tissue of high-rise buildings. Photo: A. Sas-Bojarska

Figure 6.

High Line, New York. Narrow belt of new public green space built on the unused railway viaduct, fitted between new and old buildings, became a catalyst for the neglected district’s development. Photo: A. Sas-Bojarska
High Line, New York. Narrow belt of new public green space built on the unused railway viaduct, fitted between new and old buildings, became a catalyst for the neglected district’s development. Photo: A. Sas-Bojarska

Figure 7.

Town square in Wejherowo, Poland. Very popular place to spend free time not only for local people. Photo: M. Trojanowska
Town square in Wejherowo, Poland. Very popular place to spend free time not only for local people. Photo: M. Trojanowska

Figure 8.

Town square in old town in Bydgoszcz, Poland. Very popular place, always full of people. Photo: M. Trojanowska
Town square in old town in Bydgoszcz, Poland. Very popular place, always full of people. Photo: M. Trojanowska

Figure 9.

Public square in front of new Second World War Museum in Gdańsk, Poland. New public space completely restored previously neglected part of town. Photo: M. Trojanowska
Public square in front of new Second World War Museum in Gdańsk, Poland. New public space completely restored previously neglected part of town. Photo: M. Trojanowska

Figure 10.

Revitalization and of a local street and placemaking efforts – Wajdeloty st. in Gdansk. Photo: M. Trojanowska
Revitalization and of a local street and placemaking efforts – Wajdeloty st. in Gdansk. Photo: M. Trojanowska

Figure 11.

Allotments in one of the revitalized big-housing estates in Lisbon. Photo: A. Sas-Bojarska
Allotments in one of the revitalized big-housing estates in Lisbon. Photo: A. Sas-Bojarska

Figure 12.

Playground in Gdynia funded by participatory budget. Photo: M. Trojanowska
Playground in Gdynia funded by participatory budget. Photo: M. Trojanowska

Figure 13.

New workplaces in Curitiba – a person is selling tickets instead of ticket vending machine Photo: A. Sas-Bojarska
New workplaces in Curitiba – a person is selling tickets instead of ticket vending machine Photo: A. Sas-Bojarska

Figure 14.

New workplaces in Curitiba – making the city clean Photo: A. Sas-Bojarska
New workplaces in Curitiba – making the city clean Photo: A. Sas-Bojarska

Figure 15.

Vocational training center named after Jacques Cousteau in an inactive stone quarry – Curitiba; Photo: A. Sas-Bojarska
Vocational training center named after Jacques Cousteau in an inactive stone quarry – Curitiba; Photo: A. Sas-Bojarska

Source: Christopher Alexander [48]

1. Levels of scale 6. Good shape 11. Roughness
2. Strong centers 7. Local symmetries 12. Echoes
3. Boundaries 8. Deep interlock and ambiguity 13. The Void
4. Alternating repetition 9. Contrast 14. Simplicity and Inner Calm
5. Positive space 10. Gradients 15. Not-separateness

Source: An outline of the overall structure of QET created by A. Bengtsson, P. Grahn [47]

Section A Section B
Six environmental qualities allowing persons to be comfortable in the outdoor environment: Thirteen environmental qualities supporting persons’ access to nature and surrounding life:
1. Closeness and easy access 1. Joyful and meaningful activities
2. Enclosure and entrance 2. Contact with surrounding life
3. Safety and security 3. Social opportunities
4. Familiarity 4. Culture and connection to past times
5. Orientation and way finding 5. Symbolism/reflection
6. Different options in different kinds of weather 6. Prospect
7. Space
8. Rich in species
9. Sensual pleasures of nature
10. Seasons changing in nature
11. Serene
12. Wild nature
13. Refuge

Universal Pattern of Therapeutic Park. Source [43]

1. PARK’S FUNCTIONAL PROGRAM 2. ORGANISATION OF SPACE AND FUNCTIONS 3. INTERIORS DESIGN, ARCHITECTURAL FORM AND DETAILS 4. PLACEMAKING 5. PURSUIT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
1.1. Psychological and hysical regeneration Natural LandscapesGreen open spacePlace to rest in the sun and in the shadePlace to rest in silence and solitudePossibility to observe other peoplePossibility to observe animals 1.2. Social Contacts Enhancement Organization of events inside the parkGathering place for groups 1.3. Physical Activity Promotion Sports and recreational infrastructureCommunity gardens 1.4. Catering for basic needs Safety and securityPlaces to sit and restShelterRestroomsDrinking waterFood 2.1. Spatial composition follows the surrounding urban pattern 2.2. Architectural variety of urban environment Focal points and land marksStructure of interiors and connectionsLong vistas (Extent)Pathways with views Invisible fragments of the scene (Vista engaging the imagination)Mystery, FascinationFramed viewsHuman scale 3.1. Optimal level of complexity 3.2. Natural surfaces 3.3. Natural surfaces Risk/PerilMovement 3.4. Presence of Water 3.5. Sensory stimuli design Sensory stimuli: SightSensory stimuli: HearingSensory stimuli: SmellSensory stimuli: TouchSensory stimuli: TasteSensory path 4.1. Works of Art 4.2. Monuments in the park 4.3. Historic places Culture and connection to the past 4.4. Thematic gardens 4.5. Personalization 4.6. Animation of place 5.1. Green Infrastructure 5.2. Second (new) generation of parks 5.3. Biodiversity protec tion Part of park not-available to visitorsHabitat plantsNatural maintenance methodsHabitat animals 5.4. Drinking water protection Rainwater infiltrationRainwater irrigationIrrigation with nonpotable waterPark in a Flood risk zone 5.5. Urban metabolism 5.6. Ecological energy sources
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