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Influence of Architectural Solutions on Building Heat Protection with Example of Historical Rural Houses in Northern Cassubia

Mirosława GÓRECKA
Mirosława GÓRECKA
 und 
Marek CHALECKI
Marek CHALECKI
   | 01. Apr. 2019
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Online veröffentlicht: 01. Apr. 2019
Seitenbereich: 25 - 37
Eingereicht: 16. Nov. 2017
Akzeptiert: 11. Juni 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/acee-2018-019
© 2018 Mirosława Górecka et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Direct research area: a – selected rural regions in coastal Cassubia with the places marked where direct research which consisted of evaluating the existing buildings was carried out, b – the characteristic landscape with wind power plants in the surroundings of Gnieżdżewo in Cassubia (photo by M. Górecka)
Direct research area: a – selected rural regions in coastal Cassubia with the places marked where direct research which consisted of evaluating the existing buildings was carried out, b – the characteristic landscape with wind power plants in the surroundings of Gnieżdżewo in Cassubia (photo by M. Górecka)

Figure 2.

Characteristic forms of rural dwelling houses in coastal Cassubia: a – Ostrowo, b – Swarzewo, c – Dębki, d – Nadole, e – Kluki, f – Smolno, g – Karwieńskie Błota (photos by M. Górecka)
Characteristic forms of rural dwelling houses in coastal Cassubia: a – Ostrowo, b – Swarzewo, c – Dębki, d – Nadole, e – Kluki, f – Smolno, g – Karwieńskie Błota (photos by M. Górecka)

Figure 3.

Room layout in the hut in Nadole: a – general plan of the basement (1 – entrance hall, 2 – main chamber, 3 – corner annex, 4 – larder, 5 – black kitchen), b – section through the chimney facilities, c – view of the entrance hall from the main chamber belonging to the building’s warm zone, d – the main chamber in the building’s warm zone, view of the “holy corner”, e – the room occupied by grandparents in the building’s warm zone, f – corner annex with a small window in the building’s cool zone (photos and drawings by M. Górecka)
Room layout in the hut in Nadole: a – general plan of the basement (1 – entrance hall, 2 – main chamber, 3 – corner annex, 4 – larder, 5 – black kitchen), b – section through the chimney facilities, c – view of the entrance hall from the main chamber belonging to the building’s warm zone, d – the main chamber in the building’s warm zone, view of the “holy corner”, e – the room occupied by grandparents in the building’s warm zone, f – corner annex with a small window in the building’s cool zone (photos and drawings by M. Górecka)

Figure 4.

Selected material and constructive solutions: a – a timber-framed wall filled with clay on perches in the Cassubian hut in Nadole, b – a detail of the timber-framed wall filled with ceramic brick in a farming building in Darżlubie, c – a detail of a reed-covered, halfhip, rafter-type roof with squint window under a ridge and with decorative finial (“pazdur”, “śparogi”) – the hut in Nadole, d – a detail of a small window (nowadays coupled), with wooden shutters, in Karwieńskie Błota (photos by M. Górecka)
Selected material and constructive solutions: a – a timber-framed wall filled with clay on perches in the Cassubian hut in Nadole, b – a detail of the timber-framed wall filled with ceramic brick in a farming building in Darżlubie, c – a detail of a reed-covered, halfhip, rafter-type roof with squint window under a ridge and with decorative finial (“pazdur”, “śparogi”) – the hut in Nadole, d – a detail of a small window (nowadays coupled), with wooden shutters, in Karwieńskie Błota (photos by M. Górecka)

Figure 5.

Localization of buildings: a – plan of a wealthy farmer’s farmstead in the “skansen” in Nadole (1 – dwelling house, 2 – barn, 3 – cowshed, 4 – another dwelling house, built later, 5 – coach house, 6 – cellar, 7 – building of the museum administration, 8 – bread oven, 9 – flower garden, 10 – vegetable garden, 11 – horse gear, 12 – well, 13 – pigeon loft), b – today’s Cassubian villages with street systems, developed in history, enabling to maximally expose the dwelling houses to the sun (1 – Karwieńskie Błota, 2 – Strzelno, 3 – Mechowo) (drawings by M. Górecka)
Localization of buildings: a – plan of a wealthy farmer’s farmstead in the “skansen” in Nadole (1 – dwelling house, 2 – barn, 3 – cowshed, 4 – another dwelling house, built later, 5 – coach house, 6 – cellar, 7 – building of the museum administration, 8 – bread oven, 9 – flower garden, 10 – vegetable garden, 11 – horse gear, 12 – well, 13 – pigeon loft), b – today’s Cassubian villages with street systems, developed in history, enabling to maximally expose the dwelling houses to the sun (1 – Karwieńskie Błota, 2 – Strzelno, 3 – Mechowo) (drawings by M. Górecka)

Figure 6.

Selected examples of contemporary buildings referring to the traditional solutions in Cassubian huts – dwelling houses, Karwieńskie Błota (photos by M. Górecka)
Selected examples of contemporary buildings referring to the traditional solutions in Cassubian huts – dwelling houses, Karwieńskie Błota (photos by M. Górecka)

Characteristic selected architectural elements affecting the building’s thermal protection – folk architecture from the 19th century, coastal Cassubia (drawings by M. Górecka)

Selected elements of architecture Characteristics of the selected elements

dense building mass on a rectangular plan,

high roof, playing the role of a thermal buffer for the ground floor; it has an appropriate slope angle – ca. 48° – and eaves protruding out of the external walls at 80 cm (protection of external walls including the gable walls and building entrance zone),

canopy in a form of a recess, placed in the gable wall and protecting the entrance (in tightly builtup settlements, e.g. in Smolno)
• small usable height of rooms – ca. 2.2 m.

two-bay layout dividing the interior into a cool zone (farming rooms) and warm zone (representative rooms),

entrance hall protecting the building’s interior against wind and inflow of cold air; the entrance zone is protected against atmospheric conditions by an external architectural element – eaves,

presence of only one chimney – concentration of heating and kitchen facilities, constituting a massive reservoir of heat energy, in the central part of a building

application of local building materials with good thermoinsulating properties (wood, clay on perches as well as reed, characterized by relatively high ability of heat accumulation),

the timber-framed walls filled with brick are covered by pugging made of gravel and clay

few window openings with small areas depending on the zone connected to interior temperature (the ratio of window area to floor area is equal ca. 1:13),

wooden shutters by larger windows

joining of dwelling and farming parts – improvement of the energy balance (hamlet-type settlements, e.g. in Karwieńskie Błota and Swarzewo),

orientation of a dwelling house towards the sun (for the house in Nadole, the declination from the N-S direction is equal ca. 35° towards the west)
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