Energy tokens as digital instruments of financial investment

Adhami, S., Giudici, G., & Martinazzi S. (2018). Why do businesses go crypto? An empirical analysis of initial coin offerings. Journal of Economics and Business, 100, 64‒75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconbus.2018.04.001 Search in Google Scholar

Andoni, M., Robu, V., Flynn, D., Abram, S., Geach, D. Jenkins, D., …, Peacock, A. (2019). Blockchain technology in the energy sector: A systematic review of challenges and opportunities. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 100, 143‒174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.10.014 Search in Google Scholar

Bank for International Settlement (BIS). (2018). Central bank digital currencies. Retrieved from https://www.bis.org/cpmi/publ/d174.pdf Search in Google Scholar

Barbu, T. C., Boitan, I. A., & Cepoi, C. (2022). Are cryptocurrencies safe havens during the COVID-19 pandemic? A threshold regression perspective with pandemic-related benchmarks. Economics and Business Review, 22(2), 29‒49. https://doi.org/10.18559/ebr.2022.2.3 Search in Google Scholar

Basden, J., & Cottrell, M. (2017). How utilities are using blockchain to modernize the grid. Harvard Business Review. Search in Google Scholar

Climate Bond Initiative (CBI). (2022). Sustainable debt. Global state of the market 2021. Retrieved from https://www.climatebonds.net/files/reports/cbi_global_sotm_2021_02h_0.pdf Search in Google Scholar

Diedrich, H. (2016). Ethereum: Blockchains, digital assets, smart contracts, decentralized autonomous organizations. WildFire Publishing. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. Search in Google Scholar

Ehlers, T., & Packer, F. (2017, September). Green bond finance and certification. BIS Quarterly Review. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3042378 Search in Google Scholar

Eurelectric. (2017). Annual report 2017. Retrieved from https://cdn.eurelectric.org/media/2520/eurelectric_annual_report_2017-h-CE1D7409.pdf Search in Google Scholar

European Central Bank (ECB). (2019). Crypto-assets: Implications for financial stability, monetary policy, and payments and market infrastructures. (Occasional Paper Series No. 230). Search in Google Scholar

European Commission (EC). (2018). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Central Bank, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Action Plan: Financing Sustainable Growth. COM(2018)097 final. Search in Google Scholar

European Commission (EC). (2019). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. The European Green Deal. COM(2019)640 final. Search in Google Scholar

European Commission (EC). (2020). Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and the Council on Markets in Crypto-assets, and amending Directive (EU) 2019/1937. COM(2020)593 final. Search in Google Scholar

European Parliament and the Council. (2019). Regulation (EU) 2019/2088 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 November 2019 on sustainability-related disclosures in the financial services sector. PE/87/2019/REV/1. Search in Google Scholar

European Securities and Market Authority (ESMA). (2018). Own initiative report on initial coin offerings and crypto-assets. Retrieved from https://www.esma.europa.eu/sites/default/files/library/esma22-106-1338_smsg_advice_-_report_on_icos_and_crypto-assets.pdf Search in Google Scholar

Finance Conduct Authority (FCA). (2018). Cryptoassets taskforce: Final report. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/752070/cryptoassets_taskforce_final_report_final_web.pdf Search in Google Scholar

Financial Stability Board (FSB). (2018). Crypto-asset markets potential channels for future financial stability implications. Retrieved from https://www.fsb.org/wp-content/uploads/P101018.pdf Search in Google Scholar

Guseva, Y. (2021). A conceptual framework for digital-asset securities: Tokens and coins as debt and equity. Maryland Law Review, 80(1), 167‒213. Search in Google Scholar

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2021). Climate Change 2021. The Physical Science Basis. Retrieved from https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_FullReport.pdf Search in Google Scholar

Kuryłek, Z. (2020). ICO tokens as an alternative financial instrument: A risk measurement. European Research Studies Journal, 23(4), 512‒530.10.35808/ersj/1697 Search in Google Scholar

Lin, L., & Tjio, H. (2020). Alternative investments, sustainability in the digital age. European Business Organization Law Review, 20, 1‒5.10.1007/s40804-020-00185-w Search in Google Scholar

Marchewka-Bartkowiak, K., & Nowak, K. (2020). Get tokenized... The specificity of personal tokens in the context of tokenization and axiological categorization. Innovative Models to Revive the Global Economy. (Proceedings of the International Conference on Economics and Social Sciences, No. 3). https://doi.org/10.2478/9788395815072-081 Search in Google Scholar

Markowitz, H. (1952). Portfolio selection. The Journal of Finance, 7(1), 77‒91. https://doi.org/10.2307/2975974 Search in Google Scholar

Mougayar, W. (2017). Tokenomics—a business guide to token usage, utility and value. Retrieved from https://medium.com/@wmougayar/tokenomics-a-business-guide-to-token-usage-utility-and-value-b19242053416 Search in Google Scholar

Oliveira, L., Zavolokina, L., Bauer, I., & Schwabe, G. (2018). To token or not to token: Tools for understanding blockchain tokens. Zurich: University of Zurich. Search in Google Scholar

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2019). Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) for SME financing. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/finance/ICOs-for-SME-Financing.pdf Search in Google Scholar

PriceWaterhouseCoopers (PWC). (2018). Blockchain—an opportunity for energy producers and consumers?. PwC global power & utilities. Retrieved from https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/industries/assets/pwc-blockchain-opportunity-for-energy-producers-and-consumers.pdf Search in Google Scholar

Sharpe, W. F. (1966). Mutual fund performance. The Journal of Business, 39(1), 119‒138. http://doi.org/10.1086/29484610.1086/294846 Search in Google Scholar

Sharpe, W. F. (1994). The Sharpe ratio. The Journal of Portfolio Management, 21(1), 49‒58. https://doi.org/10.3905/jpm.1994.409501 Search in Google Scholar

SolarPlaza. (2018). Comprehensive guide to companies involved in blockchain & energy. Amsterdam: Blockchain Business. Search in Google Scholar

Tönnissen S., Beinke J. H., Teuteberg F. (2020). Understanding token-based ecosystems—a taxonomy of blockchain-based business models of start-ups. Electronic Markets, 30, 307–323.10.1007/s12525-020-00396-6 Search in Google Scholar

United Nations. (2015). Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015, Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 70/1. Search in Google Scholar

Varnavskiy, A., Gruzina,. U., Rot, A., Trubnikov, V., Buryakova, A., & Sebechenko, E. (2018). Design of models for the tokenization of electric power industry basing on the block-chain technology. Communication Papers of the Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems, 17, 45‒50. http://doi.org/10.15439/2018F33010.15439/2018F330 Search in Google Scholar

Wiśniewski, M., & Zieliński, J. (2019). Green bonds as an innovative sovereign financial instrument. Ekonomia i Prawo. Economics and Law, 18(1), 83‒96. https://doi.org/10.12775/EiP.2019.007 Search in Google Scholar