[
Akbostanci, E., Ipek Tunc, G., & Turut-Asik, S. (2007). Pollution Haven Hypothesis and the role of dirty industries in Turkey’s exports. Environment and Development Economics, 12(2), 297‒322.10.1017/S1355770X06003512
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Akbostanci, E., Ipek Tunc, G., & Turut-Asik, S. (2008). Environmental impact of customs union agreement with EU on Turkey’s trade in manufacturing industry. Applied Economics, 40(17), 2295‒2304.10.1080/00036840600949405
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Akın, C. S. (2014). Yabancı sermaye yatırımlarının CO2 emisyonu üzerine olan etkisi: Dinamik panel veri analiz. Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 44, 1‒15.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Al-Mulali, U., & Tang, C. F. (2013). Investigating the validity of Pollution Haven Hypothesis in the gulf cooperation council (GCC) countries. Energy Policy, 60, 813‒819.10.1016/j.enpol.2013.05.055
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ansari, M. A., Khan, N. A., & Ganaie, A. A. (2019). Does foreign direct investment impede environmental quality in Asian countries? A panel data analysis. OPEC Energy Review, 43(2), 109‒135.10.1111/opec.12144
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Assuncao, L., & Zhang, Z. (2002). Domestic climate change policies and the WTO. (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). Retrieved from https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/osgdp164_en.pdf
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ayadi, F. S., Mlanga, S., Ikpor, M. I., & Nnachi, R. A. (2019). Empirical test of Pollution Haven Hypothesis in Nigeria using autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 10(3), 48‒58.10.2478/mjss-2019-0041
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Bahmani-Oskooee, M., & Saha, S. (2018). On the relation between exchange rates and stock prices: A nonlinear ARDL approach and asymmetry analysis. Journal of Economics and Finance, 42(1), 112‒137.10.1007/s12197-017-9388-8
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Bakirtas, I., & Cetin, M. A. (2017). Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve and pollution haven hypotheses: MIKTA sample. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(22), 18273‒18283.10.1007/s11356-017-9462-y
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Balibey, M. (2015). Relationships among CO2 emissions, economic growth and foreign direct investment and the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Turkey. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 5(4), 1042‒1049.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Balsalobre-Lorente, D., Gokmenoglu, K. K., Taspinar, N., & Cantos-Cantos, J. M. (2019). An approach to the pollution haven and pollution halo hypotheses in MINT countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 23010‒23026.10.1007/s11356-019-05446-x
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Bayraktar, N. (2013). Foreign direct investment and investment climate. Procedia Economics and Finance, 5, 83‒92.10.1016/S2212-5671(13)00013-0
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ben-Salha, O., & Zmami, M. (2020). The impact of private capital flows on economic growth in the MENA region. Economics and Business Review, 6(3), 45‒67.10.18559/ebr.2020.3.3
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Bildirici, M., & Türkmen, C. (2015). The chaotic relationship between oil return, gold, silver and copper returns in Turkey: Nonlinear ARDL and augmented nonlinear Granger causality. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 210, 397‒407.10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.387
]Search in Google Scholar
[
BP. (2019). BP statistical review of world energy. London: BP. Retrieved from https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Brock, W. A., Dechert, W. D., & Scheinkman, J. A. (1987). A test for independence based on the correlation dimension. Econometric Reviews, 15(3), 197‒235.10.1080/07474939608800353
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Brock, W. A., Scheinkman, J. A., Dechert, W. D., & LeBaron, B. (1996). A test for independence based on the correlation dimension. Econometric Reviews, 15(3), 197‒235.10.1080/07474939608800353
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Bulut, U. (2021). Environmental sustainability in Turkey: An environmental Kuznets curve estimation for ecological footprint. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 28(3), 227‒237.10.1080/13504509.2020.1793425
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Caporale, G. M., Ntantamis, C., Pantelidis, T., & Pittis, N. (2005). The BDS test as a test for the adequacy of a GARCH (1, 1) specification: A Monte Carlo study. Journal of Financial Econometrics, 3(2), 282‒309.10.1093/jjfinec/nbi010
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı. (2012). Turkiye Cumhuriyeti İklim Değişikliği Eylem Planı 2011‒2023. Retrieved April 7, 2021 from https://www.csb.gov.tr/db/iklim/banner/banner591
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Chmielewska, A., & Sławiński, A. (2021). Climate crisis, central banks and the IMF reform. Economics and Business Review, 7(4), 7‒27.10.18559/ebr.2021.4.2
]Search in Google Scholar
[
De Graaff, T., Florax, R. J., Nijkamp, P., & Reggiani, A. (2001). A general misspecification test for spatial regression models: Dependence, heterogeneity, and nonlinearity. Journal of Regional Science, 41(2), 255‒276.10.1111/0022-4146.00216
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Destek, M. A., & Okumus, I. (2019). Does Pollution Haven Hypothesis hold in newly industrialized countries? Evidence from ecological footprint. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(23), 23689‒23695.10.1007/s11356-019-05614-z
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Dhrifi, A., Jaziri, R., & Alnahdi, S. (2020). Does foreign direct investment and environmental degradation matter for poverty? Evidence from developing countries. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 52, 13‒21.10.1016/j.strueco.2019.09.008
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Doytch, N., & Uctum, M. (2016). Globalization and the environmental impact of sectoral FDI. Economic Systems, 40(4), 582‒594.10.1016/j.ecosys.2016.02.005
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Gill, F. L., Viswanathan, K. K., & Abdul Karim, M. Z. (2018). The critical review of the Pollution Haven Hypothesis. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 8(1), 167‒174.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Gokmenoglu, K., & Taspinar, N. (2016). The relationship between CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic growth and FDI: The case of Turkey. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 25(5), 706‒723.10.1080/09638199.2015.1119876
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Gür, B. (2019). Relationship between foreign direct investment and carbon dioxide emissions: Evaluation of the hypothesis of pollution haven for Turkey. Eurasian Econometrics, Statistics & Empirical Economics Journal, 13, 1‒13.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Haug, A. A., & Ucal, M. (2019). The role of trade and FDI for CO2 emissions in Turkey: Nonlinear relationships. Energy Economics, 81, 297‒307.10.1016/j.eneco.2019.04.006
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hoffmann, R., Lee, C. G., Ramasamy, B., & Yeung, M. (2005). FDI and pollution: A granger causality test using panel data. Journal of International Development: The Journal of the Development Studies Association, 17(3), 311‒317.10.1002/jid.1196
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Huang, Y., Chen, X., Zhu, H., Huang, C., & Tian, Z. (2019). The heterogeneous effects of FDI and foreign trade on CO2 emissions: Evidence from China. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2019, 1‒14.10.1155/2019/9612492
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Iamsiraroj, S. (2016). The foreign direct investment–economic growth nexus. International Review of Economics & Finance, 42, 116‒133.10.1016/j.iref.2015.10.044
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ibrahim, M. H. (2015). Oil and food prices in Malaysia: A nonlinear ARDL analysis. Agricultural and Food Economics, 3(1), 1‒14.10.1186/s40100-014-0020-3
]Search in Google Scholar
[
IEA. (2016). Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Turkey 2016 Review. Paris: The International Energy Agency.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
IEA. (2021). Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Turkey 2021 Review. Paris: The International Energy Agency.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Isiksal, A. Z., Samour, A., & Resatoglu, N. G. (2019). Testing the impact of real interest rate, income, and energy consumption on Turkey’s CO2 emissions. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(20), 20219‒20231.10.1007/s11356-019-04987-5
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kathuria, V. (2018). Does environmental governance matter for foreign direct investment? Testing the Pollution Haven Hypothesis for Indian States. Asian Development Review, 35(1), 81‒107.10.1162/adev_a_00106
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kaya, G., Kayalica, M. Ö., Kumaş, M., & Ulengin, B. (2017). The role of foreign direct investment and trade on carbon emissions in Turkey. Environmental Economics, 8(1), 8‒17.10.21511/ee.08(1).2017.01
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kılıçarslan, Z., & Dumrul, Y. (2017). Foreign direct investments and CO2 emissions relationship: The case of Turkey. Business and Economics Research Journal, 8(4), 647‒660.10.20409/berj.2017.73
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kivyiro, P., & Arminen, H. (2014). Carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, economic growth, and foreign direct investment: Causality analysis for Sub-Saharan Africa. Energy, 74(1), 595–606.10.1016/j.energy.2014.07.025
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Koçak, E., & Şarkgüneşi, A. (2018). The impact of foreign direct investment on CO2 emissions in Turkey: New evidence from cointegration and bootstrap causality analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(1), 790‒804.10.1007/s11356-017-0468-2
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Lee, J. W. (2013). The contribution of foreign direct investment to clean energy use, carbon emissions and economic growth. Energy Policy, 55, 483‒489.10.1016/j.enpol.2012.12.039
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Mert, M., & Caglar, A. E. (2020). Testing pollution haven and pollution halo hypotheses for Turkey: A new perspective. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(26), 32933‒32943.10.1007/s11356-020-09469-7
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Mutafoglu, T. H. (2012). Foreign direct investment, pollution, and economic growth: Evidence from Turkey. Journal of Developing Societies, 28(3), 281‒297.10.1177/0169796X12453780
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Neequaye, N. A., & Oladi, R. (2015). Environment, growth, and FDI revisited. International Review of Economics & Finance, 39, 47‒56.10.1016/j.iref.2015.06.002
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Opoku, E. E. O., & Boachie, M. K. (2020). The environmental impact of industrialization and foreign direct investment. Energy Policy, 137(C).10.1016/j.enpol.2019.111178
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ozatac, N., Gokmenoglu, K. K., & Taspinar, N. (2017). Testing the EKC hypothesis by considering trade openness, urbanization, and financial development: The case of Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(20), 16690‒16701.10.1007/s11356-017-9317-6
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ozturk, S., & Saygin, S. (2020). Türkiye’de 1974–2016 Döneminde Yapısal Kırılma Altında Kişi Başına Reel Gelir, Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar, Ticari Açıklık ve Karbon Emisyonları Arasındaki İlişki. Sosyoekonomi, 28(44), 69‒90.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Pao, H. T., & Tsai, C. M. (2011). Multivariate Granger causality between CO2 emissions, energy consumption, FDI (foreign direct investment) and GDP (gross domestic product): Evidence from a panel of BRIC (Brazil, Russian Federation, India, and China) countries. Energy, 36(1), 685‒693.10.1016/j.energy.2010.09.041
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Rasit, N. B., & Aralas, S. B. (2017). The Pollution Haven Hypothesis: An analysis of ASEAN and OECD countries. (Proceedings of International Conference on Economics 2017), 96‒109.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Şahin, G., Gökdemir, L., & Ayyıldız, F. V. (2019). Türkiye Örneğinde Kirlilik Siğinaği Ve Kirlenme Hale Hipotezleri Üzerine Ampirik Bir Araştirma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2(33), 104‒140.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Sapkota, P., & Bastola, U. (2017). Foreign direct investment, income, and environmental pollution in developing countries: Panel data analysis of Latin America. Energy Economics, 64, 206‒212.10.1016/j.eneco.2017.04.001
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Sat, N. A. (2016). Multinational corporations and their effects on environment: Pollution Haven Hypothesis testing in the case of Turkey. Gazi University Journal of Science Part B: Art, Humanities, Design and Planning, 4(2), 25‒36.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Sbia, R., Shahbaz, M., & Helmi, H. (2014). A contribution of foreign direct investment, clean energy, trade openness, carbon emissions and economic growth to energy demand in UAE. Economic Modelling, 36, 191‒197.10.1016/j.econmod.2013.09.047
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Seker, F., Ertugrul, H. M., & Cetin, M. (2015). The impact of foreign direct investment on environmental quality: A bounds testing and causality analysis for Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 347‒356.10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.118
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Shahbaz, M., Nasreen, S., Abbas, F., & Anis, O. (2015). Does foreign direct investment impede environmental quality in high-, middle-, and low-income countries?. Energy Economics, 51, 275‒287.10.1016/j.eneco.2015.06.014
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Shao, Q., Wang, X., Zhou, Q., & Balogh, L. (2019). Pollution Haven Hypothesis revisited: A comparison of the BRICS and MINT countries based on VECM approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 227, 724‒738.10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.206
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Shin, Y., Yu, B., & Greenwood-Nimmo, M. (2014). Modelling asymmetric cointegration and dynamic multipliers in a nonlinear ARDL framework. In W. C. Horrace & R. C. Sickles (Eds.), Festschrift in honor of Peter Schmidt: Econometric methods and applications (pp. 281‒314). New York: Springer Science & Business Media.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Solarin, S. A., Al-Mulali, U., Musah, I., & Ozturk, I. (2017). Investigating the Pollution Haven Hypothesis in Ghana: An empirical investigation. Energy, 124, 706‒719.10.1016/j.energy.2017.02.089
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Sun, C., Zhang, F., & Xu, M. (2017). Investigation of Pollution Haven Hypothesis for China: An ARDL approach with breakpoint unit root tests. Journal of Cleaner Production, 161, 153‒164.10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.119
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Sung, B., Song, W. Y., & Park, S. D. (2018). How foreign direct investment affects CO2 emission levels in the Chinese manufacturing industry: Evidence from panel data. Economic Systems, 42(2), 320‒331.10.1016/j.ecosys.2017.06.002
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Tang, C. F., & Tan, B. W. (2015). The impact of energy consumption, income and foreign direct investment on carbon dioxide emissions in Vietnam. Energy, 79, 447‒454.10.1016/j.energy.2014.11.033
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Taylor, M. S. (2004). Unbundling the Pollution Haven Hypothesis. Advances in Economic Analysis & Policy, 4(2), 1‒26.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Terzi, H., & Pata, U. K. (2019). Is the Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH) valid for Turkey?. Panoeconomicus, 67(1), 93‒109.10.2298/PAN161229016T
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Udemba, E. N. (2020). Ecological implication of offshored economic activities in Turkey: Foreign direct investment perspective. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(30), 38015‒38028.10.1007/s11356-020-09629-9
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ur Rahman, Z., Chongbo, W., & Ahmad, M. (2019). An (a)symmetric analysis of the Pollution Haven Hypothesis in the context of Pakistan: A nonlinear approach. Carbon Management, 10(3), 227‒239.10.1080/17583004.2019.1577179
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Üzar, U. (2019). Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırım, Büyüme ve Çevresel Kalite İlişkisi: Türkiye “Dibe Yarışan” Bir Ülke Mi?. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(2), 439‒451.10.30798/makuiibf.531931
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Weng, Y. C., Chang, N. B., & Lee, T. Y. (2008). Nonlinear time series analysis of ground-level ozone dynamics in Southern Taiwan. Journal of Environmental Management, 87(3), 405‒414.10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.01.023
]Search in Google Scholar
[
WTO/UNEP. (2009). Trade and climate change: A report by the United Nations Environment Programme and the World Trade Organization. Geneva: World Trade Organization.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Yacouba, K., & Altintas, H. (2019). The asymmetric impact of macroeconomic shocks on stock returns in Turkey: A nonlinear ARDL approach. Journal for Economic Forecasting, 22, 98‒116.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Yıldırım, M., Destek, M. A., & Özsoy, F. N. (2017). Doğrudan Yabanci Yatirimlar Ve Kirlilik Siğinaği Hipotezi. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 18(2), 99‒111.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Zaman, K., & Abd-el Moemen, M. (2017). Energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and economic development: Evaluating alternative and plausible environmental hypothesis for sustainable growth. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 74, 1119‒1130.10.1016/j.rser.2017.02.072
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Zheng, J., & Sheng, P. (2017). The impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on the environment: Market perspectives and evidence from China. Economies, 5(1), 8.10.3390/economies5010008
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Zhu, H., Duan, L., Guo, Y., & Yu, K. (2016). The effects of FDI, economic growth and energy consumption on carbon emissions in ASEAN-5: Evidence from panel quantile regression. Economic Modelling, 58, 237‒248.10.1016/j.econmod.2016.05.003
]Search in Google Scholar