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Sonographic assessment of the anatomy and common pathologies of clinically important bursae

Slavcho Ivanoski
Slavcho Ivanoski
 und 
Violeta Vasilevska Nikodinovska
Violeta Vasilevska Nikodinovska
   | 30. Sept. 2019
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Article Category: review-article
Online veröffentlicht: 30. Sept. 2019
Seitenbereich: 212 - 221
Eingereicht: 20. Aug. 2018
Akzeptiert: 25. Juli 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15557/jou.2019.0032
Schlüsselwörter
© 2019 Slavcho Ivanoski et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

Normal subacromial-subdeltoid bursa. There is a minimal amount of anechoic fluid within the bursa (arrows), located between the deltoid muscle (D) and the supraspinatus muscle tendon (arrowhead). H-humeral head
Normal subacromial-subdeltoid bursa. There is a minimal amount of anechoic fluid within the bursa (arrows), located between the deltoid muscle (D) and the supraspinatus muscle tendon (arrowhead). H-humeral head

Fig. 2.

Bursitis. Prepatellar bursa is filled with fluid, debris, and irregular synovia (arrows). Hyperechoic edema of surrounding soft tissue can be noted. Inflammation of the superficial part of the patellar ligament is also visible (arrowhead). P-patella
Bursitis. Prepatellar bursa is filled with fluid, debris, and irregular synovia (arrows). Hyperechoic edema of surrounding soft tissue can be noted. Inflammation of the superficial part of the patellar ligament is also visible (arrowhead). P-patella

Fig. 3.

A. Evaluation of the subacromial-subdeltoid bursa. Positioning of the patient and the transducer. B. Normal subacromial-subdeltoid bursa in the longitudinal plane (arrows). Arrowhead-supraspinatus tendon, H-humeral head, T-tuberculum majus, D-deltoid muscle
A. Evaluation of the subacromial-subdeltoid bursa. Positioning of the patient and the transducer. B. Normal subacromial-subdeltoid bursa in the longitudinal plane (arrows). Arrowhead-supraspinatus tendon, H-humeral head, T-tuberculum majus, D-deltoid muscle

Fig. 4.

Communicating subacromial-subdeltoid bursitis. Communication (arrowhead) between the glenohumeral joint and the bursa (arrows) is visible through a total tear of the supraspinatus tendon. The bursa is filled with a moderate amount of hyperechoic fluid. H-humeral head
Communicating subacromial-subdeltoid bursitis. Communication (arrowhead) between the glenohumeral joint and the bursa (arrows) is visible through a total tear of the supraspinatus tendon. The bursa is filled with a moderate amount of hyperechoic fluid. H-humeral head

Fig. 5.

Non-communicating subacromial-subdeltoid bursitis. An increased amount of fluid in the bursa (arrows) in a patient with calcifying supraspinatus tendinopathy (filled arrow). T-tuberculum majus
Non-communicating subacromial-subdeltoid bursitis. An increased amount of fluid in the bursa (arrows) in a patient with calcifying supraspinatus tendinopathy (filled arrow). T-tuberculum majus

Fig. 6.

A. Evaluation of the olecranon bursa. Positioning of the patient and the transducer. B. Superficial olecranon bursitis in the transverse plane (*). O-olecranon. C. Superficial olecranon bursitis in longitudinal plane (*). O-olecranon
A. Evaluation of the olecranon bursa. Positioning of the patient and the transducer. B. Superficial olecranon bursitis in the transverse plane (*). O-olecranon. C. Superficial olecranon bursitis in longitudinal plane (*). O-olecranon

Fig. 7.

A. Evaluation of the iliopsoas bursa. Positioning of the patient and the transducer. B. Iliopsoas bursitis in the longitudinal plane. Enlarged, fluid-filled iliopsoas bursa (arrow) is visible deep to the ileopsoas tendon (arrowhead). An increased amount of fluid in the anterior hip recess (*)
A. Evaluation of the iliopsoas bursa. Positioning of the patient and the transducer. B. Iliopsoas bursitis in the longitudinal plane. Enlarged, fluid-filled iliopsoas bursa (arrow) is visible deep to the ileopsoas tendon (arrowhead). An increased amount of fluid in the anterior hip recess (*)

Fig. 8.

Medial collateral ligament bursitis. There is a large amount of anechoic fluid filling the bursa (*) between the superficial and deep layers of the medial collateral ligament. M-medial meniscus, T-tibia, F-femur
Medial collateral ligament bursitis. There is a large amount of anechoic fluid filling the bursa (*) between the superficial and deep layers of the medial collateral ligament. M-medial meniscus, T-tibia, F-femur

Fig. 9.

Evaluation of the suprapatellar bursa. Positioning of the patient and the transducer
Evaluation of the suprapatellar bursa. Positioning of the patient and the transducer

Fig. 10.

Pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee. The suprapatellar bursa is filled with hypoechoic fluid; irregular synovial hypertrophy (arrows). F-femur, *-quadriceps tendon
Pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee. The suprapatellar bursa is filled with hypoechoic fluid; irregular synovial hypertrophy (arrows). F-femur, *-quadriceps tendon

Fig. 11.

Lipohemarthrosis. A large amount of hyperechoic fluid (arrow) with fat-fluid level (filled arrow) can be visualized within the recess in a patient with plateau tibial fracture. *-quadriceps tendon, F-Femur
Lipohemarthrosis. A large amount of hyperechoic fluid (arrow) with fat-fluid level (filled arrow) can be visualized within the recess in a patient with plateau tibial fracture. *-quadriceps tendon, F-Femur

Fig. 12.

A. Baker’s cyst in the transverse plane, localized between the semimembranosus tendon (arrow) and the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle (arrowhead). The cyst is communicating with the knee joint through a thin neck. F-Femur. B. Evaluation of Baker’s cyst. Positioning of the patient and the transducer. C. Baker’s cyst in the longitudinal plane. Several ossified bodies (arrows) can be seen within the cyst due to secondary osteochondromatosis
A. Baker’s cyst in the transverse plane, localized between the semimembranosus tendon (arrow) and the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle (arrowhead). The cyst is communicating with the knee joint through a thin neck. F-Femur. B. Evaluation of Baker’s cyst. Positioning of the patient and the transducer. C. Baker’s cyst in the longitudinal plane. Several ossified bodies (arrows) can be seen within the cyst due to secondary osteochondromatosis

Fig. 13.

Evaluation of the prepatellar bursa. Positioning of the patient and the transducer
Evaluation of the prepatellar bursa. Positioning of the patient and the transducer

Fig. 14.

Prepatellar bursitis (*). The prepatellar bursa is enlarged, filled with a copious amount of anechoic fluid and debris. P-patella. Arrows-patellar ligament
Prepatellar bursitis (*). The prepatellar bursa is enlarged, filled with a copious amount of anechoic fluid and debris. P-patella. Arrows-patellar ligament

Fig. 15.

Evaluation of the infrapatellar bursae. Positioning of the patient and the transducer
Evaluation of the infrapatellar bursae. Positioning of the patient and the transducer

Fig. 16.

Superficial infrapatellar bursitis (arrows). There is a moderate amount of fluid accumulated superficially to the distal part of the patellar ligament (*)
Superficial infrapatellar bursitis (arrows). There is a moderate amount of fluid accumulated superficially to the distal part of the patellar ligament (*)

Fig. 17.

Normal deep infrapatellar bursa can be seen as a small, triangular fluid collection (arrowhead) deep to the distal part of the patellar ligament (arrows), superficial to the tibial surface (T)
Normal deep infrapatellar bursa can be seen as a small, triangular fluid collection (arrowhead) deep to the distal part of the patellar ligament (arrows), superficial to the tibial surface (T)

Fig. 18.

Deep infrapatellar bursitis. A lobulated, enlarged deep infrapatellar bursa (arrows) deep to the distal part of the patellar ligament (arrowhead)
Deep infrapatellar bursitis. A lobulated, enlarged deep infrapatellar bursa (arrows) deep to the distal part of the patellar ligament (arrowhead)

Fig. 19.

Evaluation of the superficial and deep retrocalcaneal bursae. Positioning of the patient and the transducer
Evaluation of the superficial and deep retrocalcaneal bursae. Positioning of the patient and the transducer

Fig. 20.

Deep retrocalcaneal bursitis (*) in a patient with insertional Achilles tendinopathy (arrows). The Achilles tendon is swollen, with disrupted fibrillar pattern and calcifications near the insertion. C-calcaneus
Deep retrocalcaneal bursitis (*) in a patient with insertional Achilles tendinopathy (arrows). The Achilles tendon is swollen, with disrupted fibrillar pattern and calcifications near the insertion. C-calcaneus
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