The Two Faces of Galectin-3: Roles in Various Pathological Conditions

Galectin-3, a unique chimaera-type member of the lectin family, displays a wide range of activities. This versatile molecule is involved in fundamental biological processes, including cell proliferation, cell-cell adhesion, apoptosis and immune responses.

This review is aimed at providing a general overview of the biological actions and diverse effects of Galectin-3 in many pathological conditions, with a specific focus on autoimmunity, inflammation and tumour progression. We report herein that Galectin-3 exerts deleterious functions determined by promotion of tumour progression and liver inflammation or aggravation of T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. On the other hand, Galectin-3 exhibits a protective role in metabolic abnormalities and primary biliary cirrhosis.

The paradoxical “yin and yang” functions of Galectin-3 depend not only on its tissue and cellular localization but also on its availability, glycosylation status and the expression level of its ligands.