Genetic analysis of European common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) populations affected by ash dieback

BROWN, A. H. D. and B. S. WEIR (1983): Measuring genetic variability in plant populations. In: TANSKLEY, S. D., ORTON, T. J. (ed.). Isoenzymes in plant genetics and breeding. Part A. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 219-229.10.1016/B978-0-444-42226-2.50016-5Search in Google Scholar

BACLES, C. F. E. and R. A. ENNOS (2008): Paternity analysis of pollen mediated gene flow for Fraxinus excelsior L. in a chronically fragmented landscape. Heredity 101: 368-380.10.1038/hdy.2008.6618648389Search in Google Scholar

BACLES, C. F. E., J. BURCZYK, A. J. LOWE and R. A. ENNOS (2005): Historical and contemporary mating patterns in remnant populations of the forest tree Fraxinus excelsior L. Evolution 59: 979-990.10.1554/04-653Search in Google Scholar

BAKYS, R., R. VASAITIS, P. BARKLUND, I.-M. THOMSEN and J. STENLID (2009a): Occurrence and pathogenicity of fungi in necrotic and non-symptomatic shoots of declining common ash (Fraxinus excelsior) in Sweden. Eur J Forest Res 128: 51-60.10.1007/s10342-008-0238-2Search in Google Scholar

BAKYS, R., R. VASAITIS, P. BARKLUND, K. IHRMARK and J. STENLID (2009b): Investigations concerning the role of Chalara fraxinea in declining Fraxinus excelsior. Plant Path 58: 284-292.10.1111/j.1365-3059.2008.01977.xSearch in Google Scholar

BARAL, H. O., V. QUELOZ and T. HOSOYA (2014): Hymenos - cyphus fraxineus, the correct scientific name for the fungus causing ash dieback in Europe. IMA Fungus 5: 79-8010.5598/imafungus.2014.05.01.09410790025083409Search in Google Scholar

BENGTSSON, S. B. K., R. VASAITIS, T. KIRISITS, H. SOLHEIM and J. STENLID (2012): Population structure of Hyme - nos cyphus pseudoalbidus and its genetic relationship to Hymenoscyphus albidus. Fungal Ecol. 5: 147-153.10.1016/j.funeco.2011.10.004Search in Google Scholar

BRACHET, S. M., F. JUBIER, M. RICHARD, B. JUNG-MULLER and N. FRASCARIA-LACOSTE (1999): Rapid identification of microsatellite loci using 59 anchored PCR in the common ash Fraxinus excelsior. Molecular Ecology 8: 160-163.Search in Google Scholar

DE ROGATIS, A., D. FERRAZZINI, F. DUCCI, S. GUERRI, S. CARNEVALE and P. BELLETTI (2013): Genetic variation in Italian wild cherry (Prunus avium L.) as characterized by nSSR markers. Forestry 86 (3): 391-400. doi:10.1093/forestry/cpt009Search in Google Scholar

DOUGLAS, G. (2006): Genetic improvement of ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.): Abstract of Workshop on Genetics, 18-22 April 2006, Leuven-Belgium; 7 pp.Search in Google Scholar

DUMOLIN, S., B. DEMESURE and R. J. PETIT (1995): Inheritance of chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes in pedunculate oak investigated with an efficient PCR method. Theor. Appl. Genet. 91: 1253-1256Search in Google Scholar

ENDERLE, R., F. PETERS, A. NAKOU and B. METZLER (2013): Temporal development of ash dieback symptoms and spatial distribution of collar rots in a provenance trial of Fraxinus excelsior. Eur J Forest Res 132: 865-876. DOI 10.1007/s10342-013-0717-y10.1007/s10342-013-0717-ySearch in Google Scholar

EVANNO, G., S. REGNAUT and J. GOUDET (2005): Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software structure: a simulation study. Mol Ecol. 14: 2611-2620.10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02553.x15969739Search in Google Scholar

FALUSH, D., M. STEPHENS and J. K. PRITCHARD (2003): Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data: linked loci and correlated allele frequencies. Genetics 164: 1567-1587.10.1093/genetics/164.4.1567146264812930761Search in Google Scholar

FELSENSTEIN, J. (2004): PHYLIP (Phylogeny Inference Package) version 3.6. Distributed D the author. Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle.Search in Google Scholar

FERNÁNDEZ-MANJARRÉS, J. F., P. R. GÉRARD, J. DUFOUR, C. RAQUIN and N. FRASCARIA-LACOSTE (2006): Differential patterns of morphological and molecular hybridization between Fraxinus excelsior L. and Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl (Oleaceae) in eastern and western France. Mol Ecol 15: 3245-3257.10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02975.x16968268Search in Google Scholar

FERRAZZINI, D., I. MONTELEONE and P. BELLETTI (2007): Genetic variability and divergence among Italian populations of common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.). Ann. For. Sci. 64: 159-168.Search in Google Scholar

FUSSI, B., E. CREMER and M. KONNERT (2012): Neue Möglichkeiten zur Diagnose des Pilzes in Eschengewebe. AFZ/Der Wald 24: 13-15.Search in Google Scholar

GÉRARD, P. R., M. TEMUNOVIC, J. SANNIER, B. BERTOLINO, J. DUFOUR, N. FRASCARIA-LACOSTE and J. F. FERNÁNDEZMANJARRÉS (2013): Chilled but not frosty: understanding the role of climate in the hybridization between the Mediterranean Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl and the temperate Fraxinus excelsior L. (Oleaceae) ash trees. J Biogeogr 40: 835-846.10.1111/jbi.12021Search in Google Scholar

GHERGHEL, F., B. FUSSI, K. DONGES, M. HAUSTEIN, K. M. JAKOB, K. MUELLER, B. PISKUR, T. HAUPTMAN, H. D. LENZ, M. KONNERT, G. KOST and K. H. REXER (2013): Early detection of Chalara fraxinea in planta tissues: the development of seven diagnostic microsatellite markers. For Path doi: 10.1111/efp.12078.Search in Google Scholar

GOUDET, J. (1995): FSTAT (version 1.2): a computer program to calculate F-statistics. Journal of Heredity 86: 485-486.10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111627Search in Google Scholar

GÖMÖRY, D., L. PAULE, D. KRAJMEROVÁ, I. ROMSÁKOVÁ and J. PIECKA (2012): Gene exchange across a postglacial contact zone in Fraxinus excelsior L. Silvae Genetica 61: 18-27.10.1515/sg-2012-0003Search in Google Scholar

HARTL, D. L. and A. G. CLARK (1997): Principles of Population Genetics (3rd edn). Sinauer Associates, Sunderland MA.Search in Google Scholar

HEBEL, I., E. ALDINGER, R. HASS, M. KAROPKA, A. BOGENRIEDER and A. DOUNAVI (2006a): Untersuchungen zur Pollenverbreitung und Pollenkontamination in einer Eschen-Samenplantage (Fraxinus excelsior L.). Allg. Forst- u. Jagdzeitung 178 (2/3): 44-49.Search in Google Scholar

HEBEL, I., R. HASS and A. DOUNAVI (2006b): Genetic variation of common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) populations from provenance regions in southern Germany by using nuclear and chloroplast microsatellites. Silvae Genetica 55 (1): 38-44.10.1515/sg-2006-0006Search in Google Scholar

HEUERTZ, M., S. CARNEVALE, S. FINESCHI, F. SEBASTIANI, J. F. HAUSMAN, L. PAULE and G. G. VENDRAMIN (2006): Chloroplast DNA phylogeography of European ashes, Fraxinus sp. (Oleaceae): roles of hybridization and life history traits. Molecular Ecology, 15, 2131-2140.Search in Google Scholar

HEUERTZ, M., S. FINESCHI and M. ANZIDEI et al. (2004a): Chloroplast DNA variation and postglacial recolonization of common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) in Europe. Molecular Ecology 13: 3437-3452.10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02333.x15488002Search in Google Scholar

HEUERTZ, M., J. F. HAUSMAN and O. J. HARDY et al. (2004b): Nuclear microsatellites reveal contrasting patterns of genetic structure between western and southeastern European populations of the common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.). Evolution, 58, 976-988.10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb00432.x15212379Search in Google Scholar

HEUERTZ, M., X. VEKEMANS, J. F. HAUSMAN, M. PALADA and O. L. HARDY (2003): Estimating seed vs. pollen dispersal from spatial genetic structure in the common ash. Molecular Ecology, 12, 2483-2495.10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01923.x12919486Search in Google Scholar

HEUERTZ, M., J. F. HAUSMAN, I. TSVETKOV, N. FRASCARIALACOSTE and X. VEKEMANS (2001): Assessment of genetic structure with and among Bulgarian populations of the common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.). Molecular Ecology 10: 1615-1623.10.1046/j.1365-294X.2001.01300.xSearch in Google Scholar

HÖLTKEN, A. M., J. TÄHTINEN and A. PAPPINEN (2003): Effects of discontinuous marginal habitats on the genetic structure of common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.). Silvae Genetica 52: 206-212.Search in Google Scholar

KJÆR, E. D., L.V. MCKINNEY, L. R. DELSEN, L. N. HANSEN and J. K. HANSEN (2011): Adaptive potential of ash (Fraxinus excelsior) populations against the novel emerging pathogen Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus. Evol App 5: 219-228.10.1111/j.1752-4571.2011.00222.x335334825568043Search in Google Scholar

KÖLLING, C. (2007): Klimahüllen für 27 Waldbaumarten. AFZ-Der Wald 23: 1242-1245.Search in Google Scholar

KÖLLING, C. and H. WALENTOWSKI (2002): Die Rolle der Esche (Fraxinus excelsior) in einheimischen Waldgesellschaften. Beiträge zu Esche. Berichte aus der Bayerischen Landesanstalt für Wald- und Forstwirtschaft 34: 6-20.Search in Google Scholar

KONNERT, M. and F. BERGMANN (1995): The geographical distribution of genetic variation of silver fir (Abies alba, Pinaceae) in relation to its migration history. Pl. Syst. Evol. 196: 19-30.Search in Google Scholar

KOWALSKI, T. and O. HOLDENRIEDER (2009): The teleomorph of Chalara fraxinea, the causal agent of ash Dieback. For Path 39: 304-308.10.1111/j.1439-0329.2008.00589.xSearch in Google Scholar

LEFORT, F., S. BRACDT, N. FRASCARIA-LACOSTE, K. J. EDWARDS and G. C. DOUGLAS (1999): Identification and characterization of microsatellite loci in ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) and their conservation in the Olives family. Molecular Ecology 8: 1088-1090.10.1046/j.1365-294X.1999.00655_8.xSearch in Google Scholar

LENZ, H., B. PÖLLNER, L. STRASSER, A. NANNIG and R. PETERCORD (2012a): Entwicklung des Eschentriebsterbens. LWF aktuell 88: 14-16.Search in Google Scholar

LENZ, H., L. STRASSER, M. BAUMANN and U. BAIER (2012b): Boniturschlüssel zur Einstufung der Vitalität von Alt - eschen. AFZ-Der Wald 3: 18-19.Search in Google Scholar

MCKINNEY, L.V., L. R. NIELSEN, J. K. HANSEN and E. D. KJÆR (2011a): Presence of natural genetic resistance in Fraxinus excelsior (Oleraceae) to Chalara fraxinea (Ascomycota): an emerging infectious disease. Heredity 106: 788-797.10.1038/hdy.2010.119318621820823903Search in Google Scholar

MCKINNEY, L.V., I. M. THOMSEN, E. D. KJÆR and L. R. NIELSEN (2011b): Genetic resistance to Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus limits fungal growth and symptom occurrence in Fraxinus excelsior. For Path 42: 69-74.10.1111/j.1439-0329.2011.00725.xSearch in Google Scholar

METZLER, B., R. ENDERLE, M. KAROPKA, K. TÖPFNER and E. ALDINGER (2013): Entwicklung des Eschentriebsterbens in einem Herkunftsversuch an verschiedenen Standorten in Süddeutschland. Allg. Forst- u. J.-Ztg 183: 168-108.Search in Google Scholar

MORAND, M. E., S. BRACHET, P. ROSSIGNOL, J. DUFOUR and N. FRASCARIA-LACOSTE (2002): A generalized heterozygote deficiency assessed with microsatellites in French common ash populations. Mol Ecol, 11: 377-38510.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01461.x11918777Search in Google Scholar

NAMKOONG, G. (1998): Forest Genetics and Conservation in Europe. In: TUROK, J., PALMBERG-LERCHE, C., SKRØPPA, T., OUÉDRAOGO, A. S. (Eds.), Conservation of forest genetic resources in Europe, International Plant for Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, 1998, pp. 3-10.Search in Google Scholar

NEI, M. (1972): Genetic distance between populations. Am Nat. 106: 283-292.10.1086/282771Search in Google Scholar

PAUTASSO, M., G. AAS, V. QUELOZ and O. HOLDENRIEDER (2013): European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) dieback - A conservation biology challenge. Biological Conservation 158: 37-49.10.1016/j.biocon.2012.08.026Search in Google Scholar

PEAKALL, R. and P. E. SMOUSE (2006): GenAlEx 6: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research. Mol Ecol Notes 6: 288-295.10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01155.xSearch in Google Scholar

PLIURA, A., V. LYGIS, V. SUCHOCKAS and E. BARTKEVICIUS (2011): Performance of twenty four European Fraxinus excelsior populations in three Lithuanian progeny trials with a special emphasis on resistance to Chalara fraxinea. Balt For 17 (1): 17-34.Search in Google Scholar

PUKACKI, P.-M. and K. PRZYDL (2005): Frost injury as a possible inciting factor in bud and shoot necroses of Fraxinus excelsior L. J Phytopathol 153: 512-516.10.1111/j.1439-0434.2005.01010.xSearch in Google Scholar

R CORE TEAM (2013): R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0, URL http://www.R-project.org/.Search in Google Scholar

KLEINSCHMIT, J., F. LÜCK, H.-M. RAU and W. RUETZ (2002): Ergebnisse eines Eschen-Herkunftsversuchs. Forst und Holz 6: 166-172.Search in Google Scholar

QUELLER, D. C. and K. F. GOODNIGHT (1989): Estimating relatedness using genetic markers. Evolution 43: 258-275.10.1111/j.1558-5646.1989.tb04226.xSearch in Google Scholar

QUELOZ, V., C. GRUENIG, R. BERNDT, T. KOWALSKI, T.-N. SIEBER and O. HOLDENRIEDER (2011): Cryptic speciation in Hymenoscyphus albidus. For Path 41: 133-142.10.1111/j.1439-0329.2010.00645.xSearch in Google Scholar

SANDER, C. (2014): Erfahrungen zum Eschentriebsterben in der Oberförsterei Gadow. AFZ-Der Wald 1: 35.Search in Google Scholar

SCHNEIDER, S., J. KUEFFER, D. ROESSLI and L. EXCOFFIER (1997): A software for population genetic data analysis, University of Geneva, Switzerland: Genetics and Biometry Laboratory.Search in Google Scholar

STENER, L. G. (2013): Clonal differences in susceptibility to the dieback of Fraxinus excelsior in southern Sweden, Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 28: 3, 205-216.10.1080/02827581.2012.735699Search in Google Scholar

SUTHERLAND, B. G., A. BELAJ, S. NIER, J. E. COTRELL, S. P. VAUGHAN, J. HUBERT and K. RUSSELL (2010): Molecular biodiversity and population structure in common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) in Britain: implications for conservation. Mol Ecol 19: 2196-2211.10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04376.xSearch in Google Scholar

TESSIER DU CROS, E., C. MÀTYÀS and H. KRIEBEL (1999): Contribution of genetics to the sustained management of global forest resources - Conclusions and recommendations. In: MÀTYÀS, C. (Ed.), Forest genetics and sustainability, Forestry Sciences, Vol. 63, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 281-287.Search in Google Scholar

THOMASSET, M., J. F. FERNÁNDEZ-MANJARRÉS, G. C. DOUGLAS, P. BERTOLINO, N. FRASCARIA-LACOSTE and T. R. HODKINSON (2013): Assignment testing reveals multiple introduced source populations including potential ash hybrids (Fraxinus excelsior × F. angustifolia) in Ireland. Eur J For Res 132: 195-209.10.1007/s10342-012-0667-9Search in Google Scholar

THOMASSET, M., T. R. HODKINSON, G. RESTOUX, N. FRASCARIA- LACOSTE, G. C. DOUGLAS and J. F. FERNÁNDEZMANJARRÉS (2014): Thank you for not flowering: conservation genetics and gene flow analysis of native and non-native populations of Fraxinus (Oleaceae) in Ireland. Heredity 112: 596-606.10.1038/hdy.2013.141Search in Google Scholar

VASAITIS et al., SNS: Nordic Forest Research Co-operation Committee (2013): New light on causes of ash decline. News and Views, Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 28:6, 608-611, DOI: 10.1080/02827581. 2013.822159.Search in Google Scholar

WEIR, B. S. and C. C. COCKERHAM (1984): Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure. Evolution 38: 1358-1370.Search in Google Scholar

WEISING, K. and R. C. GARDNER (1999): A set of conserved PCR primers for the analysis of simple sequence repeat polymorphisms in chloroplast genomes of dicotyledonous angiosperms. Genome 42: 9-19.10.1139/g98-104Search in Google Scholar

WILLI, Y., J. VAN BUSKIRK and A. A. HOFFMANN (2006): Limits to the adaptive potential of small populations. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 37, 433-458.10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110145Search in Google Scholar

WOODWARD, S. and E. BOA (2012): Ash dieback in the UK: a wake-up call. Mol Plant Path 14 (9): 856-860.Search in Google Scholar

YOUNG, A., T. BOYLE and T. BROWN (1996): The population genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation for plants. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 11, 413-418.10.1016/0169-5347(96)10045-8Search in Google Scholar

ZHAO, Y., T. HOSOYA, H. BARAL, K. HOSAKA and K. KAKISHIMA (2012): Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus, the correct name for Lambertella albida reported from Japan. Mycotaxon 122: 25-41.10.5248/122.25Search in Google Scholar