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Impact of the 2014 Major Baltic Inflow on benthic fluxes of ferrous iron and phosphate below the permanent halocline in the southern Baltic Sea

Olga Brocławik
Olga Brocławik
, 
Katarzyna Łukawska-Matuszewska
Katarzyna Łukawska-Matuszewska
 und 
Jerzy Bolałek
Jerzy Bolałek
   | 21. Sept. 2018
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Article Category: Original research paper
Online veröffentlicht: 21. Sept. 2018
Seitenbereich: 275 - 287
Eingereicht: 09. Okt. 2017
Akzeptiert: 05. März 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ohs-2018-0026
© 2018 Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Poland
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Map of the Gdańsk Basin with the location of sampling sites (contour lines are depth in meters)
Map of the Gdańsk Basin with the location of sampling sites (contour lines are depth in meters)

Figure 2

Variability profile of salinity, temperature and concentration of dissolved oxygen along with depth in the water column in the area of the Gdańsk Deep in August 2015 and February 2016
Variability profile of salinity, temperature and concentration of dissolved oxygen along with depth in the water column in the area of the Gdańsk Deep in August 2015 and February 2016

Figure 3

Changes in water content (WC) and loss on ignition (LOI) along with sediment depth in the Gdańsk Deep in August 2015 (a) and February 2016 (b)
Changes in water content (WC) and loss on ignition (LOI) along with sediment depth in the Gdańsk Deep in August 2015 (a) and February 2016 (b)

Figure 4

Changes of the oxidation reduction potential (Eh) with sediment depth in the Gdańsk Deep in August 2015 and February 2016
Changes of the oxidation reduction potential (Eh) with sediment depth in the Gdańsk Deep in August 2015 and February 2016

Figure 5

Changes in the concentration of sulfates (SO42–), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), total iron (Fetot), ferrous iron (Fe(II)) and phosphates (PO43–) with sediment depth in the Gdańsk Deep in August 2015 and February 2016
Changes in the concentration of sulfates (SO42–), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), total iron (Fetot), ferrous iron (Fe(II)) and phosphates (PO43–) with sediment depth in the Gdańsk Deep in August 2015 and February 2016

Figure 6

Filters with suspended particulate matter collected from bottom water (about 1 m above sediment surface) in the Gdańsk Deep in August 2015 and February 2016
Filters with suspended particulate matter collected from bottom water (about 1 m above sediment surface) in the Gdańsk Deep in August 2015 and February 2016

Temperature (T), salinity (S), dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, oxygen saturation (DOsat), oxidation reduction potential (Eh), pH and the concentrations of sulfate (SO42–), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), phosphate (PO43–) and ferrous iron (Fe(II)) in water above the sediment measured in the Gdansk Deep during the summer and winter voyages (T, S and DO was measured 1 m and other parameters several cm above the sediment surface)

Voyage Site T (°C) S DO (cm3 dm–3) DOsat (%) Eh (mV) pH SO42– (mmol dm–3) H2S (μmol dm–3) PO43– (μmol dm–3) Fe(II) (μmol dm–3)
VIII 2015 P1 7.27 13.37 0.86 11 162 7.81 16.19 1.10 12.56 0.13
P1A 7.32 13.21 1.43 18 224 7.80 14.90 0.00 8.21 0.18
P1B 7.22 13.39 1.51 19 247 7.78 15.59 0.00 12.66 0.23
II 2016 P1 6.32 12.31 0.58 7 92 7.90 4.99 27.22 27.27 0.42
P1A 6.63 11.44 1.17 15 194 7.90 11.04 17.80 24.66 0.51
P1B 6.35 11.45 1.37 17 217 7.88 10.63 20.85 25.68 0.53

Benthic fluxes of phosphate (FPO43–) and iron (FFe(II)) in different regions of the Baltic Sea

Region Estimation method FPO43– (μmol m–2 hr–1) References
 Gullmarsfjorden Porewater gradient calculations 5.42  Sundby et al. 1986
 Gulf of Finland 0.002–0.07  Ignatieva 1999
 Gulf of Gdansk –0.1–7.9  Graca 2009
Gdansk Deep 5.3–5.7  Graca et al. 2006
 2.12–2.56  Łukawska-Matuszewska & Burska 2011
 Puck Bay 0.04–3.17  Bolatek 1992
Gotland Basin Chamber incubations –0.13–15.67  Viktorsson et al. 2013
 8.33–9.58  Noffke et al. 2015
Region Estimation method FFe(II) (μmol m–2 hr–1) References
 Gullmarsfjorden Porewater gradient calculations 0.83  Sundby et al. 1986
 Gulf of Finland Sediment core incubation 3.93  Lehtoranta & Heiskanen 2003
Gulf of Finland Chamber incubations 5.84

fluxes of dissolved total iron

  Almorth et al. 2009
 0.21

fluxes of dissolved total iron

  Pakhomova et al. 2007
 Vistula Lagoon 4.16

fluxes of dissolved total iron

  Pakhomova et al. 2007

Benthic fluxes of phosphate (FPO43–) and ferrous iron (FFe(II)) and parameters used for calculations

Voyage Site Porosity Diffusion coefficient in sediment (10–6 cm2 s–1) Concentration gradient in surface sediment (δC δz–1) (μmol dm–3cm–1) Benthic flux (μmol m–2 hr–1)
PO43– Fe(II) PO43– Fe(II) FPO43– FFe(II)
VIII 2015 PI 0.975 5.034 4.932 9.468 0.018 1.67 0.31 × 10–2
P1A 0.975 4.145 4.060 18.57 0.046 2.70 0.62 × 10–2
P1B 0.975 5.040 4.937 8.618 0.029 1.53 0.50 × 10–2
II 2016 P1 0.983 4.321 4.233 10.645 0.021 1.63 0.31 × 10–2
P1A 0.983 4.322 4.234 16.888 0.078 2.58 1.17 × 10–2
P1B 0.983 4.323 4.233 16.580 0.084 2.54 1.25 × 10–2
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