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Diatom assemblages as indicators of salinity gradients: a case study from a coastal lake

Monika Rzodkiewicz
Monika Rzodkiewicz
, 
Maciej Gąbka
Maciej Gąbka
, 
Grażyna Szpikowska
Grażyna Szpikowska
 und 
Michał Woszczyk
Michał Woszczyk
   | 27. Sept. 2017
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Article Category: Original research paper
Online veröffentlicht: 27. Sept. 2017
Seitenbereich: 325 - 339
Eingereicht: 08. Juli 2016
Akzeptiert: 25. Nov. 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ohs-2017-0034
© 2017 Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Poland. All rights reserved
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Location of study sites. The inset shows location of Lake Resko Przymorskie
Location of study sites. The inset shows location of Lake Resko Przymorskie

Figure 2

Relative abundance of ecological groups of diatoms from September 2012 to July 2014
Relative abundance of ecological groups of diatoms from September 2012 to July 2014

Figure 3

Relative abundance of dominant species in Lake Resko Przymorskie (species with values >2%)
Relative abundance of dominant species in Lake Resko Przymorskie (species with values >2%)

Figure 4

Biplots of redundancy analysis (RDA): chemical and physical variables (Temp, NO3-, NH4+, Ptot, PO43-, pH, Cl-, salinity, DO) and diatom species (species with values > 2% of relative abundance). Statistically significant variables are marked in bold. Code used for species: ANMN – Actinocyclus normanii, AINA – Amphora inariensis, ALIB – Amphora libyca, AOVA – Amphora ovalis, APED – Amphora pediculus, AUGR – Aulacoseira granulata, CAMP – Caloneis amphisbaena, CATO – Cyclotella atomus, CCMS – Cyclotella comensis, CMEN – Cyclotella meneghiniana, CPLI – Cocconeis placentula var. lineata, CVSO – Cavinula scuttelloides, DITE – Diatoma tenius, EARE – Ellerbeckia arenaria, FBER – Belonastrum berolinensis, FBRE – Pseudostaurosira brevistriata, FGEO – Pseudostaurosiropsis geocollegarum, FIIS – Fragilaria inflata var. istvanffyi, FMAR – Martyana martyi, FNAN – Fragilaria nanana, FPIN – Staurosirella pinnata, FSOP – Fragilaria sopotensis, FSSA – Pseudostaurosira subsalina, HHUN – Hippodonta hungarica, KCLE – Karayevia clevei, NCIN – Navicula cincta, NPLT – Placoneis placentula, NRAD – Navicula radiosa, NRHY – Navicula rhynchocephala, NTPT – Navicula tripunctata, NVUL – Navicula vulpina, OMUT – Opephora olsenii, RAAB – Rhoicosphenia abbreviata, SCON – Staurosira construens, SMED – Stephanodiscus medius, SPAV – Stephanodiscus parvus
Biplots of redundancy analysis (RDA): chemical and physical variables (Temp, NO3-, NH4+, Ptot, PO43-, pH, Cl-, salinity, DO) and diatom species (species with values > 2% of relative abundance). Statistically significant variables are marked in bold. Code used for species: ANMN – Actinocyclus normanii, AINA – Amphora inariensis, ALIB – Amphora libyca, AOVA – Amphora ovalis, APED – Amphora pediculus, AUGR – Aulacoseira granulata, CAMP – Caloneis amphisbaena, CATO – Cyclotella atomus, CCMS – Cyclotella comensis, CMEN – Cyclotella meneghiniana, CPLI – Cocconeis placentula var. lineata, CVSO – Cavinula scuttelloides, DITE – Diatoma tenius, EARE – Ellerbeckia arenaria, FBER – Belonastrum berolinensis, FBRE – Pseudostaurosira brevistriata, FGEO – Pseudostaurosiropsis geocollegarum, FIIS – Fragilaria inflata var. istvanffyi, FMAR – Martyana martyi, FNAN – Fragilaria nanana, FPIN – Staurosirella pinnata, FSOP – Fragilaria sopotensis, FSSA – Pseudostaurosira subsalina, HHUN – Hippodonta hungarica, KCLE – Karayevia clevei, NCIN – Navicula cincta, NPLT – Placoneis placentula, NRAD – Navicula radiosa, NRHY – Navicula rhynchocephala, NTPT – Navicula tripunctata, NVUL – Navicula vulpina, OMUT – Opephora olsenii, RAAB – Rhoicosphenia abbreviata, SCON – Staurosira construens, SMED – Stephanodiscus medius, SPAV – Stephanodiscus parvus

Figure 5

Samples with respect to the chemical and physical water parameters (Temp, NO3-, NH4+, Ptot, PO43-, pH, Cl-, salinity, DO). Statistically significant variables are marked in bold.
Samples with respect to the chemical and physical water parameters (Temp, NO3-, NH4+, Ptot, PO43-, pH, Cl-, salinity, DO). Statistically significant variables are marked in bold.

Classification merging salinity and chlorides content used in this study (after Van Dam et al. 1994)

Class Description Cl- (mg l-1) Salinity (PSU)
1 fresh < 100 <0.2
2 fresh-brackish < 500 < 0.9
3 brackish-fresh 500-1000 0.9-1.8
4 brackish 1000-5000 1.8-9.0

Average, maximum and minimum values of water quality variables recorded during sampling events

Season Temp Salinity DO pH NH4+ NO3- PO43- Ptot cl-
(°C) (PSU) (ppm) (mg l-1) (mg l-1) (Mg l-1) µgl-1 (Mg l-1)
09.2012 14.9 3.5 10.4 8.4 0.6 n.d. 0.05 55.4 2495
(14.4 - 15.3) (3.0-3.7) (6.6-12.4) (7.7-8.7) (0.5-0.7) (0.0-0.1) (42.0-78.0) (2049-2686)
05.2013 17.8 1.9 n.a. 9.0 0.3 2.5 0.1 42.3 1401
(17.0 - 19.2) (1.9-2.0) (8.9-9.1) (0.3-0.4) (2.0-2.9) (0.1-0.1) (36.0-52.0) (1328-1451)
07.2013 21.3 2.5 9.4 9.1 0.3 n.d. n.d. 67.8 2158
(21.0-21.4) (2.4-2.5) (8.8-10.5) (9.0-9.2) (0.3-0.3) (55.0-82.0) (2123-2195)
09.2013 14.2 3.4 11.1 9.2 0.6 n.d. 0.1 76.0 2687
(14.1-14.2) (3.3-3.5) (10.2-12.4) (9.2-9.3) (0.5-0.7) (0.1-0.1) (65.0-85.0) (2541-2812)
11.2013 3.2 4.8 13.0 9.9 0.4 n.d. 0.1 35.0 3160
(3.2-3.2) (4.7-4.8) (12.1-13.9) (9.8-9.9) (0.3-0.4) (0.1-0.1) (34.0-36.0) (3090-3231)
05.2014 21.3 3.6 11.3 8.5 0.6 n.d. n.d. 31.0 2208
(21.3-21.3) (3.6-3.6) (11.3-11.3) (8.5-8.5) (0.6-0.6) (31.0-31.0) (2208-2208)
07.2014 24.1 3.1 8.2 9.5 1.1 n.d. 0.1 65.0 2306
(23.7-24.4) (3.0-3.1) (7.2-9.1) (9.4-9.5) (1.0-1.1) (0.1-0.1) (54.0-76.0) (2234-2378)

Optimum (weighted average) and tolerance (SD) of particular species compared to Cl- gradient

Species Abundance Cl- mg l-1
frequency mean SD Optimum Tolerance
Epithemia turgida (Ehrenberg) Kützing 2 0.0 0.1 2960.9 384.9
Staurosira binodis (Ehrenberg) Lange-Bertalot 2 0.0 0.1 2749.1 324.2
Encymoena silesiacum (Bleisch) D.G.Mann 2 0.0 0.1 2648.7 835.2
Amphora marina W.Smith 2 0.0 0.1 2638.9 1159.3
Fragilaria capucina var. mesolepta (Rabenhorst) Rabenhorst 2 0.0 0.1 2495.1 1159.3
Navicula tripunctata (O.F.Müller) Bory 3 0.1 0.2 2473.7 380.2
Amphora ovalis (Kützing) Kützing 3 0.1 0.1 2472.6 505.7
Amphora pediculus (Kützing) Grunow ex A.Schmidt 12 0.7 0.6 2459.1 618.3
Cyclotella meneghiniana Kützing 12 4.5 3.8 2457.3 391.5
Pseudostaurosira brevistriata (Grunow) D.M.Williams & Round 11 6.3 5.9 2414.3 630.2
Staurosirella pinnata (Ehrenberg) D.M. Wiliams & Round 4 0.5 1.0 2386.1 535.0
Staurosira construens Ehrenberg 20 24.5 6.1 2385.6 497.9
Caloneis amphisbaena (Bory) Cleve 5 0.1 0.1 2379.5 466.5
Martyana martyi (Héribaud-Joseph) Round 13 0.3 0.2 2371.0 609.1
Pseudostaurosira subsalina (Hustedt) E.A.Morales 9 1.2 1.5 2368.9 691.5
Cavinula scuttelloides (W. Smith) Lange-Bertalot 4 0.0 0.1 2356.3 308.3
Pseudostaurosiropsis geocollegarum (Witkowski) E.A.Morales 20 49.6 12.8 2347.8 505.0
Navicula vulpina Kützing 4 0.0 0.1 2313.7 259.6
Aulacoseira granulata (Ehrenberg) Simonsen 4 0.1 0.2 2311.1 310.3
Karayevia clevei (Grunow) Round & Bukhtiyarova 10 0.2 0.3 2310.3 656.3
Fragilaria inflata var. istvanffyi (Pant.) Hustedt 4 0.0 0.1 2305.1 686.4
Cocconeis placentula var. lineata (Ehrenberg) Van Heurck 6 0.4 0.6 2290.1 576.6
Entomoneis alata (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg 2 0.0 0.1 2282.4 102.0
Amphora inariensis Krammer 6 0.1 0.2 2281.2 395.3
Belonastrum berolinensis (Lemmermann) Round & Maidana 4 0.1 0.1 2273.6 245.3
Stephanodiscus medius Håkansson 3 0.3 0.7 2261.3 143.0
Fragilaria sopotensis Witkowski & Lange-Bertalot 3 0.5 1.1 2245.5 102.9
Lindavia comensis (Grunow) T.Nakov et al. 2 0.5 1.4 2243.3 517.1
Placoneis placentula (Ehrenberg) Mereschkowsky 3 0.0 0.1 2212.3 964.0
Navicula rhynchocephala Kützing 4 0.1 0.3 2211.7 805.6
Cyclotella atomus Hustedt 4 4.9 9.9 2186.6 174.1
Rhoicosphenia abbreviata (C.Agardh) Lange-Bertalot 4 0.1 0.1 2156.4 854.0
Navicula radiosa Kützing 3 0.0 0.1 2128.5 519.8
Diatoma tenuis C.Agardh 1 1.1 4.4 2091.3 560.3
Stephanodiscus parvus Stoermer & Håkansson 3 0.4 1.0 2077.8 364.1
Ellerbeckia arenaria (G.Moore ex Ralfs) R.M.Crawford 4 0.1 0.1 2059.5 514.4
Planothidium lanceolatum (Kützing) Round & Bukhtiyarova 2 0.0 0.1 2041.9 1014.5
Navicula cryptocephala Kützing 2 0.0 0.1 2038.6 869.5
Fragilaria nanana Lange-Bertalot 4 0.2 0.4 2006.3 349.2
Actinocyclus normanii (W.Gregory ex Greville) Hustedt 7 0.2 0.2 1944.8 658.2
Hippodonta hungarica (Grunow) Lange-Bertalot, Metzeltin Planothidium Witkowski 5 0.7 1.3 1921.9 643.2
Navicula menisculus Schumann 2 0.0 0.1 1906.9 613.3
Gomphonema olivaceum (Hornemann) Brébisson 2 0.0 0.1 1896.3 799.0
Amphora libyca Ehrenberg 4 0.3 0.7 1844.8 684.7
Opephora olsenii M⊘ller 3 0.5 1.3 1780.2 769.0
Navicula cincta (Ehrenberg) Ralfs 3 0.0 0.1 1748.6 633.4
Chaetoceros species 2 0.0 0.1 1742.2 596.6
Parlibellus crucicula (W.Smith) Witkowski, Lange-Bertalot & Metzeltin 1 0.1 0.3 1556.1 799.0
Planothidium delicatulum (Kützing) Round & Bukhtiyarova 2 0.1 0.3 1470.7 799.0

Results of the forward selection of environmental parameters (Monte Carlo permutation test in RDA, p<0.05 are statistically significant and given in bold)

Variable λ F p
Temperature 0.11 2.39 0.032
pH 0.12 2.70 0.015
PO43- 0.08 2.06 0.047
Salinity 0.06 1.46 0.155
Cl- 0.08 2.09 0.037
DO 0.04 1.18 0.308
Ptot 0.04 1.16 0.295
NO3- 0.03 0.92 0.490
NH4+ 0.03 0.98 0.434
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