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Ecological assessment of water quality in the Kabul River, Pakistan, using statistical methods

Izaz Khuram
Izaz Khuram
, 
Sophia Barinova
Sophia Barinova
, 
Nadeem Ahmad
Nadeem Ahmad
, 
Asad Ullah
Asad Ullah
, 
Siraj Ud Din
Siraj Ud Din
, 
Samin Jan
Samin Jan
 und 
Muhammad Hamayun
Muhammad Hamayun
   | 31. Mai 2017
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Article Category: Original research paper
Online veröffentlicht: 31. Mai 2017
Seitenbereich: 140 - 153
Eingereicht: 10. Sept. 2016
Akzeptiert: 10. Nov. 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ohs-2017-0015
© Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Poland. All rights reserved.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Peshawar Valley with the Kabul River sampling sites on the map of Pakistan (http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/pakistan.pdf)
Peshawar Valley with the Kabul River sampling sites on the map of Pakistan (http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/pakistan.pdf)

Figure 2

The most distributed algal species-indicators in the Kabul River communities with their ecological preferences: Cymbella affinis Kützing (benthic, temperature-temperate, low-streaming waters, pH-indifferent, saproxene, oligosaprobe, oligotraphentic, autotrophic) (1); Diatoma vulgaris Bory (planktonic-benthic, low-streaming waters, chloride-indifferent, saproxene, beta-mesosaprobic, meso-eutraphentic, autotrophic) (2); Chroococcus turgidus (Kützing) Nägeli (planktonic-benthic, aerophile, halophile, xeno-beta-mesosaprobic) (3); Hydrodictyon reticulatum (Linnaeus) Bory (planktonic-benthic, standing water, oligo-alpha-mesosaprobic) (4); Cladophora glomerata (Linnaeus) Kützing (planktonic-benthic, low-streaming waters, chloride-indifferent, oligo-alpha-mesosaprobic) (5); Rhoicosphenia abbreviata (C.Agardh) Lange-Bertalot (benthic, low-streaming waters, chloride-indifferent, eurysaprobe, oligo-alpha-mesosaprobic, meso-eutraphentic, autotroph) (6). Scale bar: fig. 2(1-4): 6-10 μm; fig. 2(5): 50 μm
The most distributed algal species-indicators in the Kabul River communities with their ecological preferences: Cymbella affinis Kützing (benthic, temperature-temperate, low-streaming waters, pH-indifferent, saproxene, oligosaprobe, oligotraphentic, autotrophic) (1); Diatoma vulgaris Bory (planktonic-benthic, low-streaming waters, chloride-indifferent, saproxene, beta-mesosaprobic, meso-eutraphentic, autotrophic) (2); Chroococcus turgidus (Kützing) Nägeli (planktonic-benthic, aerophile, halophile, xeno-beta-mesosaprobic) (3); Hydrodictyon reticulatum (Linnaeus) Bory (planktonic-benthic, standing water, oligo-alpha-mesosaprobic) (4); Cladophora glomerata (Linnaeus) Kützing (planktonic-benthic, low-streaming waters, chloride-indifferent, oligo-alpha-mesosaprobic) (5); Rhoicosphenia abbreviata (C.Agardh) Lange-Bertalot (benthic, low-streaming waters, chloride-indifferent, eurysaprobe, oligo-alpha-mesosaprobic, meso-eutraphentic, autotroph) (6). Scale bar: fig. 2(1-4): 6-10 μm; fig. 2(5): 50 μm

Figure 3

Surface plots of relationships between biological and chemical variables at the Kabul River sites
Surface plots of relationships between biological and chemical variables at the Kabul River sites

Figure 4

CCA Biplot of relationships between divisional diversity and environmental variables in the Kabul River (a); CCA Triplot of relationships between the sites and environmental variables in the Kabul River (b)
CCA Biplot of relationships between divisional diversity and environmental variables in the Kabul River (a); CCA Triplot of relationships between the sites and environmental variables in the Kabul River (b)

Figure 5

Dendrogram of all chemical variables at the Kabul River study sites (a); Dendrogram of all biological variables at the Kabul River study sites (b); Dendrogram of all variables at the Kabul River study sites (c)
Dendrogram of all chemical variables at the Kabul River study sites (a); Dendrogram of all biological variables at the Kabul River study sites (b); Dendrogram of all variables at the Kabul River study sites (c)

Figure 6

Dendrite of algal divisions’ similarity at the Kabul River study sites (a); Dendrite of algal communities’ similarity at the Kabul River study sites (b)
Dendrite of algal divisions’ similarity at the Kabul River study sites (a); Dendrite of algal communities’ similarity at the Kabul River study sites (b)

Stepwise regression analysis results for the Kabul River sampling sites

Dependent variables Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
Number of Species T0.85

<0.05;

 T, Cond0.99

<0.01;

 T, Cond, Hard0.99

<0.001
Cyanobacteria T0.94

<0.05;

 T, DO0.99

<0.05;

 T, Sal, DO0.99
Chlorophyta T0.80

<0.05;

 T, Cond0.99

<0.05;

 T, Cond, Hard0.99
Xanthophyta T0.89

<0.05;

 T, SO40.88

<0.01;

 T, SO4, NH40.99
Euglenophyta pH0.39

<0.05;

 pH, Turb0.71

<0.05;

 pH, DO, Turb0.99

Ecological preferences of the most distributed algal species-indicators in the Kabul River

Taxa Hab T Oxy Sal Wat Sap Index S Tro Nutr
Cyanobacteria
Chroococcus turgidus (Kützing) Nägeli P-B, S - aer hl - x-b 0.8 - -
Bacillariophyta
Cymbella affinis Kützing B temp st-str i sx o 1.1 ot ats
Diatoma vulgaris Bory P-B - st-str i sx b 2.2 me ate
Rhoicosphenia abbreviata (C. Agardh) Lange-Bertalot B - st-str i es o-a 1.9 me ate
Chlorophyta
Cladophora glomerata (Linnaeus) Kützing var. glomerata P-B - st-str i - o-a 1.9 - -
Hydrodictyon reticulatum (Linnaeus) Bory P-B - st - - o-a 1.8 - -

The 100-point index ranges according to Mitchell and Stapp (1992)

Class Range Quality
1 90-100 Excellent
2 70-90 Good
3 50-70 Medium
4 25-50 Bad
5 0-25 Very Bad

Water variables over the study sites in the Kabul River

Parameter Unit Warsak Sardaryab Nowshera Khairabad RPI
Temperature °C 18 19.6 20.8 22 20.2
pH 7.4 7.9 7.3 7.8 7.6
Conductivity mSm cm-1 263 268 377 471 340.6
Turbidity NTU 3 4 9 7 6.1
T.D.S. mg l-1 110 135 212 190 168.1
T.S.S. 220 230 280 264 252.1
Salinity 0.2 0.6 1.3 2.0 1.0
Alkalinity mg Eq l-1 75 101 157 166 128.2
Hardness 167 144 155 180 157.4
D.O. mg l-1 6.5 5.59 6.78 6.5 6.3
B.O.D. mg O2 l-1 0.8 1.4 5.4 6 3.5
NO2- mg l-1 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.38 0.1
NO3- 2.81 6.48 1.64 4.87 4.0
NH3-N 0.00 0.13 0.54 1.92 0.6
S2- 0.16 0.33 0.36 0.80 0.4
SO42- 26 23.25 25.6 59.5 30.6
PO43- 0.14 0.26 0.15 1.14 0.4
Cl- 7 8 12 18 11.0
Saprobity Index S 1.55 1.55 1.59 1.59 1.571
WESI Index 0.50 0.44 0.67 0.44 0.532
WQI Index 54.67 50.16 39.39 46.36 46.33

Biodiversity data over the study sites in the Kabul River

Division Warsak Sardaryab Nowshera Khairabad
Abundance, total scores
Cyanobacteria 65 80 79 91
Bacillariophyta 46 58 64 63
Xanthophyta 25 25 35 35
Euglenophyta 4 7 5 5
Chlorophyta 92 135 142 149
Charophyta 203 236 231 248
Sum of Scores 435 541 556 591
Number of Species
Cyanobacteria 22 28 29 32
Bacillariophyta 26 34 36 36
Xanthophyta 5 5 7 7
Euglenophyta 3 6 5 5
Chlorophyta 24 36 37 39
Charophyta 47 58 56 60
No of Species 127 167 170 179
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