Modeling sediment concentration and discharge variations in a small Ethiopian watershed with contributions from an unpaved road

Abiy, A.Z., 2009. Geological Controls in the Formations and Expansions of Gullies over Hillslope Hydrological Processes in the Highlands of Ethiopia, Northern Blue Nile Region. Cornell University, Ithaca.Search in Google Scholar

Anderson, D.M., MacDonald, L.H., 1998. Modelling road surface sediment production using a vector geographic information system. Earth Surf. Process. Landf., 23, 95-107.10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199802)23:2<95::AID-ESP849>3.0.CO;2-1Search in Google Scholar

Arnold, J.G., Srinivasan, R., Muttiah, R.S., Williams, J.R., 1998. Large area hydrologic modeling and assessment part I: Model development. J. Amer. Water Resour. Assoc., 34, 73-89.10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb05961.xSearch in Google Scholar

Bayabil, H.K., Tilahun, S.A., Collick, A.S., Yitaferu, B., Steenhuis, T.S., 2010. Are runoff processes ecologically or topographically driven in the (sub) humid Ethiopian highlands? The case of the Maybar watershed. Ecohydrology, 3, 457-466. DOI: 10.1002/eco.170.10.1002/eco.170Search in Google Scholar

Beven, K.J., Kirkby, M.J., 1979. A physically based, variable contributing area model of basin hydrology. Hydrol. Sci. Bull., 24, 43-69.10.1080/02626667909491834Search in Google Scholar

Bewket, W., Sterk, G., 2003. Assessment of soil erosion in cultivated fields using a survey methodology for rills in the Chemoga watershed, Ethiopia. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 97, 81-93. DOI: 10.1016/S0167-8809(03)00127-0.10.1016/S0167-8809(03)00127-0Search in Google Scholar

Burt, T.P., McDonnell, J.J., 2015. Whither field hydrology? The need for discovery science and outrageous hydrological hypotheses. Water Resour Res., 51, 5919-5928, DOI: 10.1002/2014WR016839.10.1002/2014WR016839Search in Google Scholar

Buytaert, W., De Bièvre, B., Wyseure, G., Deckers, J., 2004. The use of the linear reservoir concept to quantify the impact of changes in land use on the hydrology of catchments in the Andes. Hydrol. Earth Sys. Sci., 8, 108-114.10.5194/hess-8-108-2004Search in Google Scholar

Betrie, G.D., Mohamed, Y.A., van Griensven, A., Srinivasan, R., 2011. Sediment management modelling in the Blue Nile Basin using SWAT model. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 807-818. DOI: 10.5194/hess-15-807-2011.10.5194/hess-15-807-2011Search in Google Scholar

Bingner, R.L., Theurer, F.D., 2007. Research: AGNPS. US Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service. [Online]. Available: <http://www.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs.htm?docid=5199>. Accessed 9 December 2014.Search in Google Scholar

Burroughs, E.R., Jr., Watts, F.J., Haber, D.F., 1984. Surfacing to reduce erosion of forest roads built in granitic soils. In: C.L. O’Loughlin, A.J. Pierce (Eds.): Proc. of a Symposium on Effects of Forest Land Use on Erosion and Slope Stability, 7-11 May 1984, University of Hawai’i, East-West Center, Honolulu, HI, pp. 255-264.Search in Google Scholar

Caballero, L.A., Easton, Z.M., Richards, B.K., Steenhuis, T.S., 2013. Evaluating the bio-hydrological impact of a cloud forest in Central America using a semi-distributed water balance model. J. Hydrol. Hydromech., 61, 9-20.10.2478/jhh-2013-0003Search in Google Scholar

Ciesiolka, C.A., Coughlan, K.J., Rose, C.W., Escalante, M.C., Hashim, G.M., Paningbatan, E.P., Sombatpanit, S., 1995. Methodology for a multi-country study of soil erosion management. Soil Technol., 8, 179-192. DOI: 10.1016/0933-3630(95)00018-6.10.1016/0933-3630(95)00018-6Search in Google Scholar

Collick, A.S., Easton, Z.M., Ashagrie, T., Biruk, B., Tilahun, S., Adgo, E., Awulachew, S.B., Zeleke, G., Steenhuis, T.S., 2009. A simple semi-distributed water balance model for the Ethiopian highlands. Hydrol. Process., 23, 3718-3727.10.1002/hyp.7517Search in Google Scholar

Descheemaeker, K., Raes, D., Nyssen J., Poesen, J., Haile, M., Deckers, J., 2009. Changes in water flows and water productivity upon vegetation regeneration on degraded hillslopes in northern Ethiopia: a water balance modelling exercise. Rangeland J., 31, 237-249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/RJ09010.10.1071/RJ09010Search in Google Scholar

Dooge, J.C.I., 1986. Looking for hydrological laws. Water Resour. Res., 22, 9, 46S-58S.10.1029/WR022i09Sp0046SSearch in Google Scholar

Dunne, T., 1978. Field studies of hillslope flow processes. In: Kirkby,M.J. (Ed.): Hillslope Hydrology, John Wiley, New York, pp. 227-293.Search in Google Scholar

Dunne, T., 1983. Relation of field studies and modeling in the prediction of storm runoff. J. Hydrol., 65, 25-48.10.1016/0022-1694(83)90209-3Search in Google Scholar

Dunne, T., Black, R.D., 1970. Partial area contributions to storm runoff in a small New England watershed. Water Resour. Res., 6, 1296-1311.10.1029/WR006i005p01296Search in Google Scholar

Dunne, T., Dietrich, W., 1982. Sediment sources in tropical drainage basins. In: Kussow, W. (Ed.): Soil Erosion and Conservation in the Tropics. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, pp. 41-53.10.2134/asaspecpub43.c3Search in Google Scholar

Easton, Z.M., Fuka, D.R., White, E.D., Collick, A.S., Biruk Ashagre, B., McCartney, M., Awulachew, S.B., Ahmed, A. A., Steenhuis, T.S., 2010. A multi basin SWAT model analysis of runoff and sedimentation in the Blue Nile, Ethiopia. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1827-1841, DOI: 10.5194/hess-14-1827-2010.10.5194/hess-14-1827-2010Search in Google Scholar

Guzman, C.D., Tilahun, S.A., Zegeye, A.D., Steenhuis, T.S., 2013. Suspended sediment concentration-discharge relationships in the (sub-) humid Ethiopian highlands. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1067-1077. DOI: 10.5194/hess-17-1067-2013.10.5194/hess-17-1067-2013Search in Google Scholar

Hairsine, P.B., Rose, C.W., 1992. Modeling water erosion due to overland flow using physical principles 1. Sheet flow. Water Resour. Res., 28, 237-243.10.1029/91WR02380Search in Google Scholar

Haith, D., Shoemaker, L.L., 1987. Generalized Watershed Loading Functions for stream flow nutrients, J. Am. Water Resour. As., 23, 471-478. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1987.tb00825.x.10.1111/j.1752-1688.1987.tb00825.xSearch in Google Scholar

Harden, C.P., 1992. Incorporating roads and footpaths in watershed- scale hydrologic and soil erosion models. Physical Geography, 13, 368-385.10.1080/02723646.1992.10642463Search in Google Scholar

Haregeweyn, N., Poesen, J., Verstraeten, G., Govers, G., de Vente, J., Nyssen, J., Deckers, J., Moeyersons, J., 2013. Assessing the performance of a spatially distributed soil erosion and sediment delivery model (WATEM/SEDEM) in Northern Ethiopia. Land Degrad. Dev., 24, 188-204.10.1002/ldr.1121Search in Google Scholar

Hengsdijk, H., Meijerink, G., Mosugu, M., 2005. Modelling the effect of three soil and water conservation practices in Tigray, Ethiopia. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 105, 29-40.10.1016/j.agee.2004.06.002Search in Google Scholar

Hewlett, J.D., Hibbert, A.R., 1967. Factors affecting the response of small watersheds to precipitation in humid areas. In: Sopper, W.E., Lull, H.W. (Eds.): Proc. Int. Symposium on Forest Hydrology. Pergamon, Oxford, pp. 275-290.Search in Google Scholar

Hurni, H., 1998. Agroecological Belts of Ethiopia: Explanatory notes on three maps at a scale of 1:100,000,000. Soil Conservation Research Programme Research report. Centre for Development and Environment, University of Bern, Switzerland.Search in Google Scholar

ISRIC, 2014. International Soil Reference and Information Center. World Soil Information. Last access 22 Nov 2014. < www.isric.org>.Search in Google Scholar

Kirkby, M.J., Chorley, R.J., 1967. Throughflow, overland flow and erosion. Int. Assoc. Sci. Hydrol. Bull., 12, 5-21.10.1080/02626666709493533Search in Google Scholar

Krysanova, V., Müller-Wohlfeil, D.-I., Becker, A., 1998. Development and test of a spatially distributed hydrological/ water quality model for mesoscale watersheds. Ecol. Model., 106, 263-289.10.1016/S0304-3800(97)00204-4Search in Google Scholar

Legates, D.R., Mahmood, R., Levia, D.F., DeLiberty, T.L., Quiring, S.M., Houser, C., Nelson, F.F., 2011. Soil moisture: A central and unifying them in physical geography. Prog. Phys. Geog., 35, 65-86.10.1177/0309133310386514Search in Google Scholar

Liu, B.M., Collick, A.S., Zeleke, G., Adgo, E., Easton, Z.M., Steenhuis, T.S., 2008. Rainfall-discharge relationships for a monsoonal climate in the Ethiopian highlands. Hydrol. Process., 22, 1059-1067. DOI:10.1002/hyp.7022.10.1002/hyp.7022Search in Google Scholar

McDonnell, J.J., Sivapalan, M., Vache, K., Dunn, S., Grant, G., Haggerty, R., Hinz, C., Hooper, R., Kirchner, J., Roderick, M.L., Selker, J., Weiler, M., 2007. Moving beyond heterogeneity and process complexity: A new vision for watershed hydrology. Water Resour. Res., 43, W07301. DOI: 10.1029/2006WR005467.10.1029/2006WR005467Search in Google Scholar

Mekonnen, M., Melesse, A.M., 2011. Soil erosion mapping and hotspot area identification using GIS and remote sensing in northwest Ethiopian highlands, near Lake Tana, In: Melesse, A. (Ed.): Nile River Basin: Hydrology, Climate, and Water Use. Chapter 10. Springer Science Publisher, pp. 207-224, DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0689-7_10.10.1007/978-94-007-0689-7_10Search in Google Scholar

Mekonen, M.A., Wörman, A., Dargahi, B., Gebeyehu, A., 2009. Hydrological modelling of Ethiopian catchments using limited data. Hydrol. Process., 23, 3401-3408.10.1002/hyp.7470Search in Google Scholar

Mohammed, H., Yohannes, F., Zeleke, G., 2004. Validation of agricultural non-point source (AGNPS) pollution model in Kori watershed, South Wollo, Ethiopia. Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs., 6, 97-109. DOI: 10.1016/j.jag.2004.08.002. 10.1016/j.jag.2004.08.002Search in Google Scholar

Montgomery, D.R., 1994. Road surface drainage, channel initiation, and slope instability. Water Resour. Res., 30, 1925-1932.10.1029/94WR00538Search in Google Scholar

Moriasi, D.N., Arnold, J.G., Van Liew, M.W., Bingner, R.L., Harmel, R.D., Vieth, T.L., 2007. Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations. T. A.S.A.B.E., 50, 885-900.10.13031/2013.23153Search in Google Scholar

Nash, J., Sutcliffe, J., 1970. River flow forecasting through conceptual models part I-A discussion of principles. J. Hydrol., 10, 282-290.10.1016/0022-1694(70)90255-6Search in Google Scholar

Nyssen, J., Poesen, J., Moeyersons, J., Luyten, E., Veyret-Picot, M., Deckers, J., Haile, M., Govers, G. 2002. Impact of road building on gully erosion risk: a case study from the Northern Ethiopian Highlands. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 27, 1267-1283.Search in Google Scholar

Nyssen, J., Haregeweyn, N., Descheemaeker, K., Gebremichael, D., Vancampenhout, K., Poesen, J., Haile, M., Moeyersons, J., Buytaert, W., Naudts, J., Deckers, J., Govers, G., 2006. Comment on ‘‘Modelling the effect of soil and water conservation practices in Ethiopia’’ [Agric Ecosyst. Environ. 105 29-40] Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 114, 407-411.10.1016/j.agee.2005.11.009Search in Google Scholar

Rhoads, B.L., 1995. Stream power: a unifying theme for urban fluvial geomorphology. In: Herricks, E.E. (Ed.): Stormwater Runoff and Receiving Systems Impact, Monitoring, and Assessment. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 65-75.Search in Google Scholar

Savenije, H.H.G., 2010. HESS Opinions "Topography driven conceptual modelling (FLEX-Topo)". Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 2681-2692. DOI: 10.5194/hess-14-2681-2010.10.5194/hess-14-2681-2010Search in Google Scholar

Schuster, W.D., Bonta, J., Thurston, H., Warnemuende, E., Smith, D.R., 2005. Impacts of impervious surface on watershed hydrology: A review. Urban Water J., 2, 263-275.10.1080/15730620500386529Search in Google Scholar

SCS, 1956. National Engineering Handbook, Section 4: Hydrology. Soil Conservation Service, USDA, Washington, D.C., 1956.Search in Google Scholar

Setegn, S.G., Dargahi, B., Srinivasan, R., Melesse, A.M., 2010. Modeling of sediment yield from Anjeni-Gauged Watershed, Ethiopia using SWAT Model. J. Am. Water Resour. As., 46, 3, 514-526. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00431.x.10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00431.xSearch in Google Scholar

Steenhuis, T.S., Van der Molen, W.H., 1986. The Thornthwaite-Mather procedure as a simple engineering method to predict recharge. J. Hydrol., 84, 221-229.10.1016/0022-1694(86)90124-1Search in Google Scholar

Steenhuis, T.S. Collick, A.S., Easton, Z.M., Leggesse, E.S., Bayabil, H.K., White, E.D., Awulachew, S.B., Adgo, E., Ahmed, A.A., 2009. Predicting discharge and sediment for the Abay (Blue Nile) with a simple model. Hydrol. Process., 23, 3728-3737. DOI: 10.1002/hyp.7513.10.1002/hyp.7513Search in Google Scholar

Steenhuis, T.S., Hrncir, M., Poteau, D., Romero Luna, E.J., Tilahun, S.A., Caballero, L.A., Guzman, C.D., Stoof, C.R., Sanda, M., Yitaferu, B., Cislerova, M., 2013. A saturated excess runoff pedotransfer function for vegetated watersheds. Vadose Zone J., 12. DOI: 10.2136/vzj2013.03.0060.10.2136/vzj2013.03.0060Search in Google Scholar

Tebebu, T.Y., Abiy, A.Z., Zegeye, A.D., Dahlke, H.E., Easton, Z.M., Tilahun, S., Collick, A.S., Kidanu, S., Moges, S., Dadgari, F., Steenhuis, T.S., 2010. Surface and subsurface flow effect on permanent gully formation and upland erosion near Lake Tana in the northern highlands of Ethiopia. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 2207-2217. DOI: 10.5194/hess-14-2207-2010.10.5194/hess-14-2207-2010Search in Google Scholar

Tebebu, T.Y., Steenhuis, T.S., Dagnew, D.C., Guzman, C.D., Bayabil, H.K., Zegeye, A.D., Collick, A.S., Langan, S., McAllister, C., Langendoen, E.J., Yitaferu, B., Tilahun, S.A., 2015. Improving efficacy of landscape interventions in the (sub) humid Ethiopian highlands by improved understanding of runoff processes. Front. Earth Sci., 3. DOI: 10.3389/feart.2015.00049.10.3389/feart.2015.00049Search in Google Scholar

Teshome, A., Rolker, D., De Graaff, J., 2013. Financial viability of soil and water conservation technologies in northwestern Ethiopian highlands. Appl Geogr., 37, 139-149.10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.11.007Search in Google Scholar

Teweldebrihan, M.D., 2014. Optimizing intensified runoff from roads for supplemental irrigation: Tigray Region, Ethiopia. M.S. Thesis. UNESCO-IHE, Institute for Water Education, Delft, the Netherlands Search in Google Scholar

Thornthwaite, C.W., Mather, J.R., 1955. The water balance. Publ. Climatol., 8.Search in Google Scholar

Tibebe, D., Bewket, W., 2011. Surface runoff and soil erosion estimation using the SWAT model in the Keleta Watershed, Ethiopia. Land Degrad. Dev., 22, 551-564. DOI: 10.1002/ldr.1034.10.1002/ldr.1034Search in Google Scholar

Tilahun, S.A., Guzman C.D., Zegeye, A.D., Engda, T.A., Collick, A.S., Rimmer, Steenhuis, T.S., 2013a. An efficient semi-distributed hillslope erosion model for the sub-humid Ethiopian Highlands. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1051-1063. DOI: 10.5194/hess-17-1051-2013.10.5194/hess-17-1051-2013Search in Google Scholar

Tilahun, S.A., Mukundan, R., Demisse, B.A., Engda, T.A., Guzman, C.D., Tarakegn, B.C., Easton, Z.M, Collick, A.S., Zegeye, A.D., Schneiderman, E.M., Parlange, J-.Y., Steenhuis, T.S., 2013b. A Saturation Excess Erosion Model. T. A.S.A.B.E., 56, 681-695. DOI: 10.13031/2013.42675.10.13031/2013.42675Search in Google Scholar

Tilahun, S.A., Guzman, C.D., Zegeye, A.D., Steenhuis, T.S., 2015. Distributed discharge and sediment concentration predictions in the sub-humid Ethiopian Highlands: the Debre Mawi Watershed. Hydrol. Process., 29, 1817-1828. DOI: 10.1002/hyp.10298.10.1002/hyp.10298Search in Google Scholar

Tilahun, S.A., Ayana, E.K., Guzman, C.D., Dagnew, D.C., Zegeye, A.Z., Tebebu, T.Y., Yitaferu, B., Steenhuis, T.S., 2016. Revisiting storm runoff processes in the Upper Blue Nile Basin: The Debre Mawi Watershed. Catena, 143, 47-56.10.1016/j.catena.2016.03.029Search in Google Scholar

Van Griensven, A., Ndomba, P., Yalew, S., Kilonzo, F., 2012. Critical review of SWAT applications in the upper Nile basin countries. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 3371-3381. DOI: 10.5194/hess-16-3371-2012.10.5194/hess-16-3371-2012Search in Google Scholar

Vanmaercke, M., Zenebe, A., Poesen, J., Nyssen, J., Verstraeten, G., Deckers, J., 2010. Sediment dynamics and the role of flashfloods in sediment export from mediumsized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia. J. Soil Sediments, 10, 611-627.10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9Search in Google Scholar

Walraevens, K., Vandecasteele, I., Martens, K., Nyssen, J., Moeyersons, J., Gebreyohannes, T., Smedt, F., Poesen, J., Deckers, J., Van Camp, M., 2009. Groundwater recharge and flow in a small mountain catchment in northern Ethiopia. Hydrol. Sci. J., 54, 739-753. DOI: 10.1623/hysj.54.4.739.10.1623/hysj.54.4.739Search in Google Scholar

Williams, J.R., Jones, C.A., Dyke, P.T., 1984. A modeling approach to determining the relationship between erosion and soil productivity. Trans. A.S.A.E., 27, 129-144.10.13031/2013.32748Search in Google Scholar

White, E.D., Easton, Z.M., Fuka, D.R., Collick, A.S., Adgo, E., McCartney, M., Awulachew, S.B., Selassie, Y.G., Steenhuis, T.S., 2011. Development and application of a physically based landscape water balance in the SWAT model. Hydrol. Process., 25, 915-925. DOI: 10.1002/hyp.7876.10.1002/hyp.7876Search in Google Scholar

Yesuf, H.M., Assen, M., Alamirew, T., Melesse, A.M., 2015. Modeling of sediment yield in Maybar gauged watershed using SWAT, northeast Ethiopia. Catena, 127, 191-205.10.1016/j.catena.2014.12.032Search in Google Scholar

Yu, B., Rose, C.W., Ciesiolka, C.A.A., Coughlan, K.J., Fentie, B., 1997. Toward a framework for runoff and soil loss prediction using GUEST technology. Aust. J. Soil Res., 35, 1191-212.10.1071/S97002Search in Google Scholar

Zeleke, G., 2011. Application and adaptation of WEPP to the traditional farming system of the Ethiopian highlands. Paper presented at the Conference of the International Soil Conservation Organization, Lafayette, 24-28 May 1999.Search in Google Scholar

Zenebe, A., Vanmaercke, M., Poesen, J., Verstraeten, G., Haregeweyn, N., Haile, M., Amare, K., Deckers, J., Nyssen, J., 2013. Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia. Z. Geomorphol., 57, 143-169.10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080Search in Google Scholar

Ziegler, A.D., Giambelluca, T.W., 1997. Importance of rural roads as source areas for runoff in mountainous areas of northern Thailand. J. Hydrol., 196, 204-229.10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03288-XSearch in Google Scholar

Ziegler, A.D., Sutherland, R.A., Giambelluca, T.W., 2000. Partitioning total erosion on unpaved roads into splash and hydraulic components: The roles of interstorm surface preparation and dynamic erodibility. Water Resour. Res., 36, 2787-2791.10.1029/2000WR900137Search in Google Scholar

Ziegler, A.D., Sutherland, R.A., Giambelluca, T.W., 2001. Acceleration of Horton overland flow and erosion by footpaths in an upland agricultural watershed in northern Thailand. Geomorphol., 41, 249-262.10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00054-XSearch in Google Scholar