Comparison of the knowledge, attitudes toward, and practices of contraception between Thai Muslim women living in Bangkok and those living in the southernmost provinces of Thailand
, and | Jan 31, 2017
About this article
Article Category: Brief communication (Original)
Published Online: Jan 31, 2017
Page range: 351 - 359
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5372/1905-7415.1004.498
Keywords
© 2016 Jureeporn Saelim, Somsook Santibenchakul, Unnop Jaisamrarn
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.
Figure 1
Basic characteristics, beliefs and practices of Muslim women living in Bangkok or the southernmost provinces
| Variables | Bangkok (n = 204) | Southernmost provinces (n = 219) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years)1 | 31.8 (9.09) | 30.2 (6.62) | 0.05 |
| Education2 | |||
| Below Bachelor’s degree | 126 (61.8) | 107 (48.9) | 0.008 |
| Equal/higher than a Bachelor’s degree | 78 (38.2) | 112 (51.1) | |
| Current number of children2 | |||
| 0 | 60 (29.4) | 56 (25.6) | 0.71 |
| 1 | 73 (35.8) | 74 (33.8) | |
| 2 | 43 (21.1) | 49 (22.4) | |
| 3 | 18 (8.8) | 25 (11.4) | |
| ≥4 | 10 (4.9) | 15 (6.8) | |
| Income (Thai baht) | |||
| <5,000 | 4 1 ( 20.1) | 51 (23.3) | 0.04 |
| 5,000-20,000 | 129 (63.2) | 149 (68) | |
| >20,000 | 3 4 ( 16.7) | 19 (8.7) | |
| Plan to have more children2 | |||
| Yes | 89(43.6) | 145 (66.2) | 0.001 |
| No | 93 (45.6) | 42 (19.2) | |
| Not sure | 22 (10.8) | 32 (14.6) | |
| Denominations of Islam | |||
| Sunni | 155 (76.0) | 205 (93.6) | 0.001 |
| Shia | 14 (6.9) | 1 (0.5) | |
| Others | 35 (17.2) | 13 (5.9) | |
| Ritual prayer (salat) | |||
| 1-4 | 109 (53.4) | 11 (5.0) | 0.001 |
| 5 | 78 (38.2) | 204 (93.2) | |
| Fasting during the month of Ramadan (sawm) | |||
| <7 | 11 (5.4) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| 7-13 | 24 (11.8) | 1 (0.5) | |
| 14-20 | 64 (31.4) | 10 (4.6) | |
| 21-27 | 49 (24.0) | 69 (31.5) | |
| 28+ | 56 (27.5) | 139 (63.5) | |
| Alms tax (zakat) | |||
| Ever in the past year | 185 (90.7) | 209 (95.4) | 0.05 |
| Never in the past year | 19 (9.3) | 10 (4.6) | |
| Pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) | |||
| Ever in the past year | 194 (95.1) | 212 (96.8) | 0.37 |
| Never in the past year | 10 (4.9) | 7 (3.2) |
Variables correlated with the attitude score from univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysisA mean score of 13 was used as the cut-off level to differentiate between high (>13) and poor (≤13) knowledge CI = confidence interval
| Variables | Crude odd ratio (95%CI) | Adjusted odd ratio (95%CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bangkok | 1.09 (0.73, 1.63) | 0.68 | ||
| Southernmost provinces | 1 | |||
| <35 | 1 | 0.04 | 1 | 0.05 |
| >35 | 2.14 (1.06, 4.33) | 2.01 (0.99, 4.10) | ||
| Below Bachelor’s degree | 1 | 0.78 | ||
| Equal/ higher than a Bachelor’s degree | 1.06 (0.70, 1.59) | |||
| <5,000 | 1 | 0.70 | ||
| 5,000-20,000 | 1.04 (0.64, 1.71) | |||
| >20,000 | 1.35 (0.65, 2.82) | |||
| Single | 1 | 0.70 | ||
| Married | 1.19 (0.78, 1.79) | |||
| Undisclosed | 0.89 (0.21, 3.84) | |||
| 0 | 1 | 0.29 | ||
| 1 | 0.91 (0.55, 1.52) | |||
| 2 | 1.74 (0.94, 3.21) | |||
| 3 | 1.13 (0.54, 2.38) | |||
| >4 | 0.97 (0.40, 2.39) | |||
| 1-4 times | 1 | 0.64 | ||
| 5 times | 1.03 (0.66, 1.63) | |||
| Others | 0.67 (0.26, 1.71) | |||
| Sunni | 1 | 0.81 | ||
| Shia | 0.98 (0.33, 2.92) | |||
| Others | 0.81 (0.44, 1.52) | |||
| <7 | 1 | 0.77 | ||
| 7-13 | 0.96 (0.20, 4.72) | |||
| 14-20 | 0.62 (0.15, 2.52) | |||
| 21-27 | 0.68 (0.17, 2.70) | |||
| 28+ | 0.82 (0.21, 3.21) | |||
| Alms tax (zakat) | ||||
| Ever in the past year | 1 | 0.28 | ||
| Never in the past year | 0.62 (0.26, 1.48) | |||
| Pilgrimage to mecca (hajj) | ||||
| Ever in the past year | 1 | 0.73 | ||
| Never in the past year | 1.21 (0.42, 3.50) | |||
| ≤1 3 | 1 | 0.005 | 1 | 0.007 |
| >13 | 1.82 (1.20, 2.77) | 1.78 (1.17, 2.71) | ||
Variables correlated with contraceptive use from univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis
| Variables | Crude odd ratio (95%CI) | Adjusted odd ratio (95%CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bangkok | 1.58 (1.06, 2.35) | 0.02 | 1.78 (0.98, 3.22) | 0.05 |
| Southernmost provinces | 1 | 1 | ||
| <35 | 1 | 0.05 | ||
| >35 | 0.49 (0.24, 1.00) | |||
| Below Bachelor degree | 1 | 0.61 | ||
| Equal/higher than a Bachelor degree | 1.11 (0.75, 1.65) | |||
| <5,000 | 1 | 0.001 | 1 | 0.02 |
| 5,000-20,000 | 0.37 (0.23, 0.60) | 0.45 (0.25, 0.79) | ||
| >20,000 | 0.41 (0.21, 0.83) | 0.67 (0.29, 1.54) | ||
| Single | 1 | 0.001 | 1 | 0.59 |
| Married | 0.39 (0.25, 0.59) | 0.81 (0.49, 1.35) | ||
| Undisclosed | 0.69 (0.16, 2.95) | 0.56 (0.11, 2.88) | ||
| 0 | 1 | 0.001 | 1 | 0.001 |
| 1 | 0.13 (0.08, 0.23) | 0.17 (0.09, 0.30) | ||
| 2 | 0.09 (0.05, 0.17) | 0.09 (0.05, 0.20) | ||
| 3 | 0.11 (0.05, 0.25) | 0.12 (0.05, 0.29) | ||
| >4 | 0.09 (0.03, 0.26) | 0.10 (0.03, 0.32) | ||
| 1-4 times | 1 | 0.02 | 1 | 0.42 |
| 5 times | 0.60 (0.39, 0.93) | 1.03 (0.52, 2.05) | ||
| Others | 0.27 (0.09, 0.85) | 0.42 (0.11, 1.64) | ||
| Sunni | 1 | 0.18 | ||
| Shia | 2.59 (0.90, 7.44) | |||
| Others | 0.86 (0.46, 1.63) | |||
| <7 | 1 | 0.02 | 1 | 0.52 |
| 7-13 | 1.42 (0.24, 8.48) | 0.89 (0.13, 6.18) | ||
| 14-20 | 5.01 (1.01, 24.80) | 1.89 (0.33, 10.74) | ||
| 21-27 | 2.68 (0.55, 12.95) | 1.41 (0.25, 8.11) | ||
| 28+ | 2.30 (0.48, 10.96) | 1.91 (0.35, 11.23) | ||
| Alms tax (zakat) | ||||
| Ever in the past year | 1 | 0.02 | 1 | 0.21 |
| Never in the past year | 2.57 (1.19, 5.54) | 1.82 (0.71,4.70) | ||
| Pilgrimage to mecca (hajj) | ||||
| Ever in the past year | 1 | 0.39 | ||
| Never in the past year | 1.53 (0.58, 4.06) | |||
A mean score of 13 was used as the cut-off level to differentiate between high (>13) and poor (≤13) knowledge | ||||
| <13 | 1 | 0.57 | ||
| >13 | 0.89 (0.60, 1.33) | |||
A mean score of 15 was used as the cut-off level to differentiate between positive (>15) and negative (≤15) attitudes toward contraception | ||||
| <15 | 1 | 0.10 | ||
| >15 | 0.71 (0.47, 1.07) | |||
Knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of contraception among Muslim women living in Bangkok or the southernmost provinces
| KAP of contraception | Bangkok | Southernmost provinces | Mean difference ( | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD). | ||||
| Condom (6) | 4.52 (1.02) | 4.37 (1.11) | 0.16 (–0.04, 0.36) | 0.23 |
| Combined oral contraceptive pills (6) | 3.34 (1.28) | 3.39 (1.22) | –0.05 (–0.29, 0.19) | 0.65 |
| Intrauterine devices (5) | 3.09 (0.98) | 3.04 (0.90) | 0.05 (–0.13, 0.23) | 0.57 |
| Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (3) | 2.31 (0.70) | 2.29 (0.65) | 0.02 (–0.11, 0.15) | 0.80 |
| Sum score (20) | 13.26 (2.25) | 13.09 (2.31) | 0.17 (–0.27, 0.61) | 0.45 |
Mean (SD). | 15.68 (2.35) | 15.41 (1.97) | 0.27 (–0.14, 0.68) | 0.20 |
Number (%). | ||||
| Used contraceptives | 117 (57.4%) | 149 (68%) | 0.02 | |
| Did not use contraceptives | 87 (42.6%) | 70 (32%) | ||
Each participant may have more than one reason for not using contraception. CI = confidence interval. | ||||
| Want more children | 66 (32.4%) | 96 (43.8%) | ||
| No sexual intercourse | 63 (30.9%) | 42 (19.2%) | 0.08 | |
| Religious reason | 23 (11.3%) | 23 (10.5%) | ||
| Not accepted by the family | 11 (5.4%) | 11 (5%) | ||
| Cannot access to contraceptive services | 5 (2.5%) | 3 (1.4%) |
Variables correlated with the knowledge scores from univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis
| Variables | Crude odds ratio (95% confidence interval) | Adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bangkok | 1.28 (0.87, 1.87) | 0.22 | ||
| Southernmost provinces | 1 | |||
| <35 | 1 | 0.14 | ||
| ≥35 | 1.75 (0.83, 3.68) | |||
| Below Bachelor’s degree | 1 | 0.001 | 1 | 0.003 |
| Equal/ higher than a Bachelor’s degree | 2.06 (1.39, 3.05) | 1.84 (1.23, 2.78) | ||
| <5,000 | 1 | 0.02 | 1 | 0.19 |
| 5,000-20,000 | 1.79 (1.09, 2.94) | 1.51 (0.91, 2.52) | ||
| >20,000 | 2.50 (1.25, 5.00) | 1.83 (0.88, 3.80) | ||
| Single | 1 | 0.06 | ||
| Married | 1.60 (1.08, 2.37) | |||
| Undisclosed | 1.55(0.38, 6.53) | |||
| 0 | 1 | 0.25 | ||
| 1 | 1.08 (0.66, 1.77) | |||
| 2 | 1.73 (0.99, 3.02) | |||
| 3 | 1.59 (0.79, 3.22) | |||
| ≥4 | 1.01 (0.42, 2.45) |