<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<sec><h3>BACKGROUND</h3>
<p>Worldwide, Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. There is little research on the relationship between T2DM problems and daily macronutrient intake in Saudi Arabia, particularly in Al-Madina Al-Munawara.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>AIM</h3>
<p>This study aimed to investigate the relationship between T2DM complications and daily carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake in T2DM patients.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>MATERIALS AND METHODS</h3>
<p>A cross-sectional study was conducted on 138 T2DM patients in Al-Madina Al-Munawara City, Saudi Arabia. The data were collected using a questionnaire that was published on social media. The macronutrient data were collected by a 24-h dietary recall questionnaire on 2 non-consecutive days. Appropriate statistical tests were done, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to examine the association of macronutrient intake with diabetes complications among the studied patients.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>RESULTS</h3>
<p>The mean age of patients was 53.8 ± 11.3 years, and 55.8% were females. The prevalence of T2DM complications was 55.8% for diabetic retinopathy, 30.4% for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), 26.1% for diabetic foot, 19.6% for stroke, and 5.3% for kidney diseases with no significant difference by patients’ sex. Daily carbohydrates intake >65% was associated with an increased risk of CVD, retinopathy, and diabetic foot with odds ratio (OR) of 4.75, 4.35, and 65.5, respectively. Daily proteins intake >20% and daily fat intake ≥30% were associated with a significant increased risk of stroke and CVD, respectively.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>CONCLUSION</h3>
<p>The study findings suggest that high daily calorie intake from carbohydrate protein and fat plays an important role in the risk of T2DM complications. Patients with diabetes who understand the value of consuming calories from macronutrients and how to distribute their daily intake of these calories may reduce their risk of developing diabetic complications.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>

BACKGROUND
Worldwide, Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. There is little research on the relationship between T2DM problems and daily macronutrient intake in Saudi Arabia, particularly in Al-Madina Al-Munawara.

AIM
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between T2DM complications and daily carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake in T2DM patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A cross-sectional study was conducted on 138 T2DM patients in Al-Madina Al-Munawara City, Saudi Arabia. The data were collected using a questionnaire that was published on social media. The macronutrient data were collected by a 24-h dietary recall questionnaire on 2 non-consecutive days. Appropriate statistical tests were done, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to examine the association of macronutrient intake with diabetes complications among the studied patients.

RESULTS
The mean age of patients was 53.8 ± 11.3 years, and 55.8% were females. The prevalence of T2DM complications was 55.8% for diabetic retinopathy, 30.4% for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), 26.1% for diabetic foot, 19.6% for stroke, and 5.3% for kidney diseases with no significant difference by patients’ sex. Daily carbohydrates intake >65% was associated with an increased risk of CVD, retinopathy, and diabetic foot with odds ratio (OR) of 4.75, 4.35, and 65.5, respectively. Daily proteins intake >20% and daily fat intake ≥30% were associated with a significant increased risk of stroke and CVD, respectively.

CONCLUSION
The study findings suggest that high daily calorie intake from carbohydrate protein and fat plays an important role in the risk of T2DM complications. Patients with diabetes who understand the value of consuming calories from macronutrients and how to distribute their daily intake of these calories may reduce their risk of developing diabetic complications.

Macronutrient Intake and Association with the Risk Factors of Diabetic Complications among People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Al-Madinah Al-Munawara

Clinical Nutrition Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

BACKGROUND
Worldwide, Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. There is little research on the relationship between T2DM...

Macronutrient Intake and Association with the Risk Factors of Diabetic Complications among People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Al-Madinah Al-Munawara

Published Online: Feb 23, 2024

Page range: 73 - 82

Received: Jun 29, 2023

Accepted: Oct 20, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2024.11743

Keywords
Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Macronutrients, Complications, Risk factors, Al-Madinah Al-Munawara

© 2024 Inas R. El-Alameey et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Macronutrient Intake and Association with the Risk Factors of Diabetic Complications among People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Al-Madinah Al-Munawara

Published Online: Feb 23, 2024

Page range: 73 - 82

Received: Jun 29, 2023

Accepted: Oct 20, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2024.11743

KeywordsType 2 diabetes mellitus, Macronutrients, Complications, Risk factors, Al-Madinah Al-Munawara

© 2024 Inas R. El-Alameey et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Keywords
Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Macronutrients, Complications, Risk factors, Al-Madinah Al-Munawara