Ventilator-associated Pneumonia in the Intensive Care Unit of the Institute of Oncology Ljubljana in 2021 and the Role of Nurses in its Prevention

1 World Health Organization. Noncommunicable Diseases Progress Monitor. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022. Search in Google Scholar

2 Chadani O, Deepa W, Bimala P, Qinghua Z. Ventilatorassociated pneumonia and role of nurses in its prevention. J Nepal Med Assoc. 2017;56(208):461-8. PMid:29453481. Search in Google Scholar

3 Battaglia CC, Hale K. Hospital-acquired infections in critically ill patients with cancer. J Intensive Care Med. 2019;34(7):523-36. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885066618788019 PMid:30012057 Search in Google Scholar

4 Wu D, Wu C, Zhang S, Zhong Y. Risk factors of ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically III patients. Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:482. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.00482 PMid:31143118 Search in Google Scholar

5 Kalanuria AA, Ziai W, Mirski M. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in the ICU. Crit Care. 2014;18(2):208. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc13775 PMid:25029020 Search in Google Scholar

6 Zupanc TL, Pokorn M. Bolnišnična pljučnica. In: Tomaţič J, Strle F, editors. Infekcijske Bolezni. Ljubljana: Zdruţenje za Infektologijo, Slovensko Zdravniško Društvo; 2014. p. 272-80. Search in Google Scholar

7 Fernando SM, Tran A, Cheng W, Klompas M, Kyeremanteng K, Mehta S, et al. Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill adult patients-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(6):1170-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06036-z PMid:32306086 Search in Google Scholar

8 McEnery T, Martin-Loeches I. Predicting ventilator-associated pneumonia. Ann Transl Med. 2020;8(11):670. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2020.03.173 PMid:32617290 Search in Google Scholar

9 Álvarez-Lerma F, García MS. The multimodal approach for ventilator-associated pneumonia prevention-requirements for nationwide implementation. Ann Transl Med. 2018;6(21):420. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2018.08.40 PMid:30581828 Search in Google Scholar

10 Kim EJ, Kwak YG, Kwak SH, Ko SH, Kim JH, Kim ES, et al. Korean national healthcare-associated infections surveillance system, intensive care unit module report: Summary of data from July 2018 to June 2019. Korean J Healthc Assoc Infect Control Prev. 2020;25(2):115-27. Search in Google Scholar

11 Institute for Healthcare Improvement. Getting started kit: Prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia: How-to guide. Crit Care Nurs Q. 2006;29(2):157-73. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002727-200604000-00010 PMid:16641653 Search in Google Scholar

12 Rello J, Lode H, Cornaglia G, Masterton R, Masterton R, Rello J, et al. A European care bundle for prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36:773-80. Search in Google Scholar

13 Jahansefat L, Vardanjani MM, Bigdelian H, Massoumi G, Khalili A, Mardani D. Exploration of knowledge of, adherence to, attitude and barriers toward evidence-based guidelines (EBGs) for prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in healthcare workers of pediatric cardiac intensive care units (PCICUs): A quali-quantitative survey. Int J Med Res Health Sci. 2016;5(9):67-73. Search in Google Scholar

14 Agodi A, Barchitta M, Quattrocchi A, Spera E, Gallo G, Auxilia F, et al. Preventable proportion of intubation-associated pneumonia: Role of adherence to a care bundle. PLoS One. 2017;12(9):e0181170. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181170 PMid:28877171 Search in Google Scholar

15 Aiken LH, Sloane DM, Bruyneel L, Van den Heede K, Griffiths P, Busse R, et al. Nurse staffing and education and hospital mortality in nine European countries: A retrospective observationalstudy. Lancet. 2014;383(9931):1824-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62631-8 PMid:24581683 Search in Google Scholar

16 Papazian L, Klompas M, Luyt CL. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: A narrative review. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(5):888-906. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-05980-0 PMid:32157357 Search in Google Scholar

17 Stoclin A, Rotolo F, Hicheri Y, Mons M, Chachaty E, Gachot B, et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia and bloodstream infections in intensive care unit cancer patients: A retrospective 12-year study on 3388 prospectively monitored patients. Support Care Cancer. 2020;28(1):193-200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-019-04800-6 Search in Google Scholar

18 Oliveira J, Zagalo C, Cavaco-Silva P. Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Rev Port Pneumol. 2014;20(3):152-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rppneu.2014.01.002 PMid:24674617 Search in Google Scholar

19 Evans CR, Sharpe JP, Swanson JM, Wood GC, Fabian TC, Croce MA, et al. Keeping it simple: impact of a restrictive antibiotic policy for ventilator-associated pneumonia in trauma patients on incidence and sensitivities of causative pathogens. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2018;19(7):672-8. https://doi.org/10.1089/sur.2018.087 PMid:30204541 Search in Google Scholar

20 Mahapatra A, Patro S, Sarangi G, Das P, Mohapatra D, Paty B, et al. Bacteriological profile of ventilator-associated pneumonia in a tertiary care hospital. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2018;61(3):375-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpm.ijpm_487_16 PMid:30004058 Search in Google Scholar

21 Lewis RH, Sharpe JP, Swanson JM, Fabian TC, Croce MA, Magnotti LJ. Reinventing the wheel: Impact of prolonged antibiotic exposure on multidrug-resistant ventilator-associated pneumonia in trauma patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2018;85(2):256-62. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000001936 PMid:29664891 Search in Google Scholar

22 Osti C, Wosti D, Pandey B, Zhao Q. Ventilator-associated pneumonia and role of nurses in its prevention. J Nepal Med Assoc. 2017;56(208):461-8. PMid:29453481. Search in Google Scholar

23 Ding C, Zhang Y, Yang Z, Wang J, Jin A, Wang W, et al. Incidence, temporal trend and factors associated with ventilator-associated pneumonia in mainland China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):468. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-017-2566-2567 PMid:28676087 Search in Google Scholar

24 Ferrer R, Artigas A. Clinical review: Non-antibiotic strategies for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia. Critic Care. 2001;6(1):45-51. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc1452 PMid:11940265 Search in Google Scholar

25 De Rosa FG, Craven DE. Ventilator-associated pneumonia: Current management strategies. Infect Med. 2003;20(5):248-59. Search in Google Scholar

26 Augustyn B. Ventilator-associated pneumonia risk factors and prevention. Crit Care Nurse. 2007;27(4):32-9. PMid:17671243 Search in Google Scholar

27 Walaszek M, Kosiarska A, Gniadek A, Kołpa M, Wolak Z, Dobroś W, et al. The risk factors for hospital-acquired pneumonia in the intensive care unit. Przegl Epidemiol. 2016;70(1):107-10. PMid:27344468 Search in Google Scholar

28 Thatrimontrichai A, Rujeerapaiboon N, Janjindamai W, Dissaneevate S, Maneenil G, Kritsaneepaiboon S, et al. Outcomes and risk factors of ventilator-associated pneumonia in neonates. World J Pediatr. 2017;13:328-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-017-0010-10 Search in Google Scholar

29 Liu Y, Di Y, Fu S. Risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia among patients undergoing major oncological surgery for head and neck cancer. Front Med. 2017;11(2):239-46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-017-0509-8 PMid:28493197 Search in Google Scholar

30 Papakrivou E, Makris D, Manoulakas E, Karvouniaris M, Zakynthinos E. Intra-abdominal hypertension is a risk factor for increased VAP incidence: A prospective cohort study in the ICU of a tertiary hospital. J Intensive Care Med. 2018a;35(7):700-7. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885066618779369 PMid:29902954 Search in Google Scholar

31 Guillamet CV, Kollef MH. Is zero ventilatorassociated pneumonia achievable? practical approaches to ventilator-associated pneumonia prevention. Clin Chest Med. 2018;39(4):809-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccm.2018.08.004 PMid:30390751 Search in Google Scholar

32 Bouglé A, Tuffet S, Federici L, Leone M, Monsel A, Dessalle T, et al. Comparison of 8 versus 15 days of antibiotic therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: A randomized, controlled, open-label trial. Intensive Care Med. 2022;48(7):841-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-022-06690-5 PMid:35552788 Search in Google Scholar

33 Mirtalaei N, Farazi A, Monfared ME, Jokar A. Efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis against ventilator-associated pneumonia. J Hosp Infect. 2019;101(3):272-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2018.08.017 PMid:30179656 Search in Google Scholar

34 Mahmoodpoor A, Hamishehkar H, Asghari R, Abri R, Shadvar K, Sanaie S. Effect of a probiotic preparation on ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit: A prospective double-blind randomized controlled trial. Nutr Clin Pract. 2019;34(1):156-62. https://doi.org/10.1002/ncp.10191 PMid:30088841 Search in Google Scholar

35 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Summary for Healthcare Facilities: Strategies for Optimizing the Supply of N95 Respirators during the COVID-19 Response. United States: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2019. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov [Last accessed on 2020 Jan 15]. Search in Google Scholar

36 Bardwell J, Brimmer S, Davis W. Implementing the ABCDE bundle, critical-care pain observation tool, and richmond agitation-sedation scale to reduce ventilation time. AACN Adv Crit Care. 2020;31(1):16-21. https://doi.org/10.4037/aacnacc2020451 PMid:32168511 Search in Google Scholar

37 Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement. Health Care Protocol: Prevention of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. 5^th ed. Bloomington, MN, USA: Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement; 2011. p. 1-30. Search in Google Scholar

38 Safarabadi M, Ghaznavi-Rad E, Pakniyat A, Rezaie K, Jadidi A. Comparing the effect of echinacea and chlorhexidine mouthwash on the microbial flora of intubated patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2017;22(6):481-5. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijnmr.IJNMR_92_16 PMid:29184589 Search in Google Scholar

39 Dikmen Y, Filiz NY. A recent view and evidence-based approach to oral care of intensive care patient. Int J Caring Sci. 2016;9(2):1177-85. Search in Google Scholar

40 Meidani M, Khorvash F, Abbasi S, Cheshmavar M, Tavakoli H. Oropharyngeal irrigation to prevent ventilator-associated-pneumonia: Comparing potassium permangenate with chlorhexidine. Int J Prev Med. 2018;9:93. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_370_17 PMid:30450176 Search in Google Scholar

41 Munro CL. Oral health: Something to smile about! Am J Crit Care. 2014;23(4):282-8. https://doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2014440 PMid:24986168 Search in Google Scholar

42 Povšič Kerin M. Pneumonia in the intensive care unit. In: Petrovec M, editor. 5th Banič Days-Healthcare Associated Infections. Proceedings of the meeting, Šempeter pri Novi Gorici, November 2013;52(6):42-8. Search in Google Scholar

43 Zand F, Zahed L, Mansouri P, Dehghanrad F, Bahrani M, Ghorbani M. The effects of oral rinse with 0.2% and 2% chlorhexidine on oropharyngeal colonization and ventilator associated pneumonia in adults’ intensive care units. J Crit Care. 2017;40:318-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.02.029 PMid:28320561 Search in Google Scholar

44 O’Malley CA. Device cleaning and infection control in aerosol therapy. Respir Care. 2015;60(6):917-30. https://doi.org/10.4187/respcare.03513 PMid:26070583 Search in Google Scholar

45 Keyt H, Faverio P, Restrepo MI. Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in the intensive care unit: A review of the clinically relevant recent advancements. Indian J Med Res. 2014;139(6):814-21. PMid:25109715 Search in Google Scholar