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Ciliated Peritrichous Protozoa in a Tezontle-Packed Sequencing Batch Reactor as Potential Indicators of Water Quality

Andrea M. Rivas-Castillo
Andrea M. Rivas-Castillo
, 
Antonio A. Garcia-Barrera
Antonio A. Garcia-Barrera
, 
Aristeo Garrido-Hernandez
Aristeo Garrido-Hernandez
, 
Francisco J. Martinez-Valdez
Francisco J. Martinez-Valdez
, 
Maria S. Cruz-Romero
Maria S. Cruz-Romero
 and 
Maribel Quezada-Cruz
Maribel Quezada-Cruz
   | Dec 10, 2022
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Article Category: Original Paper
Published Online: Dec 10, 2022
Page range: 539 - 551
Received: Jun 29, 2022
Accepted: Oct 02, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2022-049
Keywords
© 2022 Andrea M. Rivas-Castillo et al. published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1

Micrographs of colonial peritrichous protozoa. a) Fresh sample and b) stained with Harris hematoxylin technique at 40x; c) 4-zoid fresh colony using Nomarski technique and d) FD staining at 40x; e) 8-zoid fresh colony using Nomarski technique and f) the MFD staining at 40x; and g) fresh samples of Vorticella campanula and h) stained with the MFD technique (“J” shaped nucleus) at 20x magnification.
Micrographs of colonial peritrichous protozoa. a) Fresh sample and b) stained with Harris hematoxylin technique at 40x; c) 4-zoid fresh colony using Nomarski technique and d) FD staining at 40x; e) 8-zoid fresh colony using Nomarski technique and f) the MFD staining at 40x; and g) fresh samples of Vorticella campanula and h) stained with the MFD technique (“J” shaped nucleus) at 20x magnification.

Fig. 2

Identification of Vorticella campanula 01mex by a phylogenetic analysis based on its ITS 18S rRNA sequence.
Identification of Vorticella campanula 01mex by a phylogenetic analysis based on its ITS 18S rRNA sequence.

Fig. 3.

Relationship between protozoan density and COD in the SBR. Protozoa density; Influent COD; Effluent COD; Removal efficiency (%).
Relationship between protozoan density and COD in the SBR. Protozoa density; Influent COD; Effluent COD; Removal efficiency (%).

Fig. 4

Behavior of sessile ciliates with respect to the concentration of total solids.
Behavior of sessile ciliates with respect to the concentration of total solids.

Fig. 5

Principal Component Analysis (PCA): relationship between the abundance of protozoa and other microorganisms, time, and removal percentage. Axes 1 and 2 account for 54.9% and 22.1% of the total variation presented, respectively.
Principal Component Analysis (PCA): relationship between the abundance of protozoa and other microorganisms, time, and removal percentage. Axes 1 and 2 account for 54.9% and 22.1% of the total variation presented, respectively.

Fig. 6

Properties of tezontle as supporting material of the SBR. a) A piece of tezontle containing adhered peritrichous colonies; b) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of tezontle stones; c) closeup of tezontle pores.
Properties of tezontle as supporting material of the SBR. a) A piece of tezontle containing adhered peritrichous colonies; b) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of tezontle stones; c) closeup of tezontle pores.

The density of peritrichous protozoa (peritrichous protozoa × 103/ml).

Time (days) Zoothamnium paraentzii Epistylis plicatilis Vorticella campanula Epistylis rotans Carchesium polypinum Vorticella convallaria Vorticella aquadulcis Total (× 103density protozoa/ml)
1 11 8 10 7 33 1.5 1 72
10 142 34 57 47 17 2 2 299
20 267 34 57 47 17 2 2 425
30 220 92 96 76 11 5 2 500
40 244 63 76 61 14 3 2 462
60 232 77 86 68 12 4 2 481

The mean abundance of peritrichous protozoan species.

Species Average density (protozoa × 103/ml)
Zoothamnium paraentzii 185.79a
Epistylis plicatilis   51.18b
Vorticella campanula   63.56b
Epistylis rotans   50.79b
Carchesium polypinum 17.31c
Vorticella convallaria    2.85d
Vorticella aquadulcis 1.64d
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