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Effects of anthropogenic activities on nutrient parameters in the North Eastern Mediterranean Sea (Bay of Sığacık/Aegean Sea)

Saniye Türk Çulha
Saniye Türk Çulha
, 
Fatma Rabia Karaduman
Fatma Rabia Karaduman
, 
Ayşe Gündoğdu
Ayşe Gündoğdu
 and 
Kamil Emre Barış
Kamil Emre Barış
   | Jul 07, 2022
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Published Online: Jul 07, 2022
Page range: 189 - 202
Received: Nov 01, 2021
Accepted: Feb 18, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26881/oandhs-2022.2.07
© 2022 Saniye Türk Çulha et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Study area
Study area

Figure 2

Seasonal physicochemical parameters and SPM values of water samples in Sığacık Bay (Stations = Sampling sites).
Seasonal physicochemical parameters and SPM values of water samples in Sığacık Bay (Stations = Sampling sites).

Figure 3

Seasonal changes in nutrient parameters in Sığacık Bay (Stations = Sampling sites)
Seasonal changes in nutrient parameters in Sığacık Bay (Stations = Sampling sites)

Figure 4

Grain size and BOM variation in the sediment (Stations = Sampling sites)
Grain size and BOM variation in the sediment (Stations = Sampling sites)

Figure 5

PCA indicating the characteristics of different sampling sites with respect to different physicochemical and nutrient parameters
PCA indicating the characteristics of different sampling sites with respect to different physicochemical and nutrient parameters

Precipitation and wind conditions in Sigacik Region; N – north; NNE – north-northeast; S – south; SE – southeast; SSW – south-southwest (TSMS 2022)

Months Wind (m/sn) Precipitation (mm = kg/m2) Temperature (°C)
September 2013 N 13.3 8.4 22.8
October 2013 NNE 13.4 107.2 16.3
November 2013 SE 12.7 179.0 14.4
December 2013 N 17.7 5.2 7.9
January 2014 SE 15.6 140.6 11.5
February 2014 NNE 9.9 63.8 10.9
March 2014 NNE 13.7 98.8 12.4
April 2014 SSW 10.6 83.2 15.8
May 2014 SE 13.3 4.4 19.5
June 2014 S 14.4 21.8 23.5
July 2014 NE 14.6 -- 26.4
August 2014 NNE 13.5 0.2 27.4

Correlation coefficient (r) of physicochemical and nutrient values and BOM

  S T DO pH NH4 NO2 NO3 PO4 SPM
S     1
T .934**
DO –.724** –.813**        
pH .623** .609** –.320*      
NH4 –.627** –.516* .459 –.453    
NO2 –.731** –.697** .395 –.536* .706**
NO3 –.633** –.592** .524* –.465 .268 .177
PO4 –542* –.417 .599** –.257 .617** .319 .338    
SPM –.033 .081 –.014 .217 .482 .392 –.416 .326  
BOM .015 –.031 –.142 –.145 –.179 –.002 .266 –.384 –.381

Nutrient parameter values determined in different regions of the Aegean Sea (μg.at.l-1); (*) – unit (**) – orthophosphate phosphorus

Region NH4+-N NO2--n NO3--n PO43--P Ref.
Izmir Bay 0.1–11.4 0.0–6.43 0.0–1.2 Aksu 2009
Aegean Sea* 0.10–25.6 0.01–1.5 0.19–7.0 0.17–6.8** Aydin-Onen et al. 2012
Ildir Bay 0.0–9.07 0.0–0.44 0.0–1.12 0.0–0.61 Başaran et al. 2006
Brezilian coasts -- 0.00–0.89 0.48–31.41 0.02–1.79 Costa et al. 2014
Izmir Bay 0.0–65.7 0.0–5.5 0.0–7.60 0.0–12.0 Kaymakçi et al. 2001
Karşiyaka Marina 0.06–40.72 0–25.9 0.19–24.9 0.87–17.6 Kükrer & Aydin 2006
Inner and Middle Bay* 0.11–50 0.29–16 0.14–2.9** Kontaş et al. 2004
Inner and Middle Bay* 0.21–2.4 0.12–8.6 0.32–4.5** Küçüksezgin et al. 2006
Izmir Inner Bay* 0.23–22.28 0.00–3.51 1.54–11.77 0.00–5.96 Kükrer & Büyükişik 2010
Homa Lagoon 0.91–41.43 -- 0.27–15.75 0.08–1.80 Kutlu & Büyükişik 2014
Siğacik Bay 0.0–13.5 0.0–3.25 0.1–5.1 0.0–5.5 Orçun & Sunlu 2007
Strymonikos Bay* 0.00–1.71 0.15–1.05 0.00–34.4 0.03–0.87 Pavlidou & Georgopoulus 2001
lyon Sea 0.1–3.7 0.0–0.22 0.1–2.9 0.0–0.2 Pitta et al. 1999
Lisbon Bay (Portugal)* 0.28–7.30 0.29–16.23 0.20–1.38 Silva et al. 2008
Izmir Bay* 0.00–40.94 0.00–28.99 0.00–21.35 0.00–31.43 Sunlu et al. 2012
Ildir Bay 0.03–7.55 nd–0.87 0.11–6.03 nd–1.15 Türk Çulha & Karaduman 2020
Sigacik Bay 1.6 0.1 0.8 0.7 this study

Physicochemical values determined in different regions of the Aegean Sea*

Region Temperature Salinity pH DO Ref.
(°C) (‰) (mg l-1)
Izmir Bay 13.8–27.2 33.35–42.41 7.54–8.29 5.8–10.0 Aksu 2009
Aegean Sea 16.8–25.2 38.1–39.6 8.09–8.39 6.7–8.6 Aydin-Onen et al. 2012
Ildir Bay 14.0–24.5 33.97–41.00 7.85–8.48 5.2–9.2 Başaran et al. 2006
Izmir Bay 17.3–19.6 34.43–36.60 7.63–7.87 4.42–7.87 Kaymakçi et al. 2001
Izmir Bay (inner) 11.00–27.60 31.12–39.66 7.34–8.12 0.60–12.80 Kükrer & Büyükişik 2006
Karşiyaka marina 8.8–27.6 35.97–42.85 7.4–8.4 4.51–12.7 Kükrer & Aydin 2006
Salih island 16.0–29.0 -- 7.6–8.3 4.4–10.4 Başaran et al. 2010
Siğacik Bay 18.33 39.67 8.12 8.18 Orçun & Sunlu 2007
Izmir Bay 8.9–28.2 31.93–44.85 7.4–8.7 3.86–14.40 Sunlu et al. 2012
Ildir Bay 19.95 ± 0.54 38.97 ± 0.06 8.31 ± 0.01 8.88 ± 0.10 Türk Çulha & Karaduman 2020
Aegean coast 15.7–22.3 38.2–39.9 8.02–8.24 6.3–7.9 Kucuksezgin et al. 2021
Siğacik Bay 20.3 ± 0.34 39.0 ± 0.03 8.3 ± 0.01 9.2 ± 0.06 this study

Loadings of experimental variables on the two rotated principal components for the whole data set

Component
Variable PC1 PC2
Salinity –0.4317 0.1219
Temperature –0.4226 0.1758
DO 0.3684 0.0388
pH –0.3047 0.3387
NH4 0.3508 0.4458
NO2 0.3417 0.1625
NO3 0.2819 –0.5594
PO4 0.2954 0.5476
Eigenvalues 4.8194 1.2690
Variance (%) 60.242 15.863
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