Open Access

Impact of Commodity Concentration and Geographical Concentration upon Export instability in Pakistan


Cite

Afzal, M., Farooq, M. S., Ahmad, H. K., Begum, I., & Quddus, M. A. (2010). Relationship Between School Education and Economic Growth in Pakistan: ARDL Bounds Testing Approach to Cointegration. Pakistan Economic and Social Review, 39–60. Search in Google Scholar

Afzal, M., Malik, M. E., Butt, A. R., & Fatima, K. (2013). Openness, Inflation and Growth Relationships in Pakistan: An Application of ARDL Bounds Testing Approach. Pakistan Economic and Social Review, 13–53. Search in Google Scholar

Asheghian, P.,& Saidi, R. (1999). Commodity Concentration and Export Earning Instability: The Case of Venezuela. Development Policy Review, 17(4), 419–427. Search in Google Scholar

Aslam, N. (1985). Export Instability, Growth and Concentration in Pakistan: A Time-Series Analysis. Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, 1–32. Search in Google Scholar

Asteriou, D., & Hall, S. G. (2007). Applied Econometrics: A Modern Approach, Revised Edition. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Search in Google Scholar

Botsas, E. N. (1975). Trade Stability of the Balkan Economies, 1956–1970. Review of World Economics, 111(3), 573–584. Search in Google Scholar

Brodsky, D. A., & Sampson, G. P. (1979). Export Instability and Economic Structure: An East-West Comparison. Review of World Economics, 115(4), 745–755. Search in Google Scholar

Brown, R. L., Durbin, J., & Evans, J. M. (1975). Techniques for Testing the Constancy of Regression Relationships Over Time. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 37(2), 149–163. Search in Google Scholar

Charette, M. F. (1985). Determinants of Export Instability in the Primary Commodity Trade of LDC’s. Journal of Development Economics, 18(1), 13–21. Search in Google Scholar

Coppock, J. D. (1962). International Economic Instability: McGraw-Hill Book Company. Search in Google Scholar

Cuddy, J. D., & Valle, P. D. (1978). Measuring the Instability of Time Series Data. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 40(1), 79–85. Search in Google Scholar

Devkota, S. C. (2004). Causes of Export Instability in Nepal. Retrieved From Search in Google Scholar

Douglas, O. N. O. N. (2016). Determinants of Export Instability in Nigeria. International Journal of Innovative Social Sciences & Humanities Research 4(3), 50–58. Search in Google Scholar

Erb, G. F., & Schiavo-Campo, S. (1969). Export Instability, Level of Development, and Economic Size of Less Developed Countries. Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Economics & Statistics, 31(4), 263–283. Search in Google Scholar

Glezakos, C. (1973). Export Instability and Economic Growth: A Statistical Verification. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 21(4, Part 1), 670–678. Search in Google Scholar

Government of Pakistan (GOP), Pakistan Economic Survey, Various Issues, Islamabad. Search in Google Scholar

Gujarati, D. N. (2009). Basic Econometrics: Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Search in Google Scholar

Hamid. (1983). Export Instability and its Impact on Economic Growth of the Sudan. Search in Google Scholar

Hamid, Z. (2010). Concentration of Exports and Patterns of Trade: A Time-series evidence of Malaysia. The Journal of Developing Areas, 255–270. Search in Google Scholar

Hanom, E. (2009). Sources of Export Earning Instability in Yemen: An Econometrical Study,. Department of Economics, IBB University, Yemen, pp. 52–64. Search in Google Scholar

Hock, L. K. (1977). Export Structure and Export Instability: The Case of Peninsular Malaysia. The Developing Economies, 15(3), 320–331. Search in Google Scholar

Kassa, B. (1998). Instability of Ethiopian‘s Export Earnings: The Contribution of Major Agricultural Commodities. Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2(1). Search in Google Scholar

Khaduli, F. P. W. (1993). The Causes and Structures of Export Earnings Instability in Kenya, University of Nairobi. 1–76. Search in Google Scholar

Khalil, M. A., Mehmood, K. A., & Hassan, S. (2017). Interpretation of Elements Upsetting Export Growth in Pakistan. Pakistan Business Review, 19(2), 354–373. Search in Google Scholar

Kingston, J. L. (1973). Export Instability in Latin America: The Postwar Statistical Record. The Journal of Developing Areas, 7(3), 381–396. Search in Google Scholar

Lashkary, M., Ahmadi, H., Fard, M. G., & Mardani, E. (2013). The Investigation of Effective Elements in Foreign Currency Incomes Instability of Iran Exports. Search in Google Scholar

Lim, D. (1976). Export Instability and Economic Growth: A Return to Fundamentals. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 38(4), 311–322. Search in Google Scholar

Love, J. (1985). Export Instability: An Alternative Analysis of Causes. The Journal of Development Studies, 21(2), 244–252. Search in Google Scholar

Love, J. (1986). Commodity Concentration and Export Earnings Instability: A Shift from Cross-Section to Time Series Analysis. Journal of Development Economics, 24(2), 239–248. Search in Google Scholar

MacBean, A. (1966). Export Instability and Economic Development: Routledge. Search in Google Scholar

MacBean, A. (2012). Export Instability and Economic Development: Routledge. Search in Google Scholar

Malhotra, N. (2015). Sources of Export Instability in India. Journal of international Economics, 6(1), 58. Search in Google Scholar

Massell, B. F. (1964). Export Concentration and Fluctuations in Export Earnings: A Cross-Section Analysis. The American Economic Review, 54(2), 47–63. Search in Google Scholar

Massell, B. F. (1970). Export Instability and Economic Structure. The American Economic Review, 60(4), 618–630. Search in Google Scholar

Meilak, C. (2008). Measuring Export Concentration: The Implications for Small States. Bank of Valletta Review, 37, 35–48. Search in Google Scholar

Mitri, B. N. (1971). The Dependence Features of the Lebanese Economy. Search in Google Scholar

Mulugeta, F. Z. (2009). The Contribution of Major Export Commodities of Ethiopia to the Instability of the Country’s Export Earnings. Ethiopian Economics Association—Ethiopian Economic Policy Research Institute (EEA/EEPRI): Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Search in Google Scholar

Murillo-Martinez, C. G. (1988). An Analysis of Costa Rican Export Earnings Under the Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act (CBERA). Search in Google Scholar

Murray, D. (1978). Export Earnings Instability: Price, Quantity, Supply, Demand? Economic Development and Cultural Change, 27(1), 61–73. Search in Google Scholar

Naya, S. (1973). Fluctuations in Export Earnings and Economic Patterns of Asian Countries. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 21(4, Part 1), 629–641. Search in Google Scholar

Nkoro, E., & Uko, A. K. (2016). Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Cointegration Technique: Application and Interpretation. Journal of Statistical and Econometric Methods, 5(4), 63–91. Search in Google Scholar

Park, J.-H. (1974). Causes and Effects of Export Instability in a Developing Country: The Case of Pakistan.Oklahoma State University. Search in Google Scholar

Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (1998). An Autoregressive Distributed-Lag Modelling Approach to Cointegration Analysis. Econometric Society Monographs, 31, 371–413. Search in Google Scholar

Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y.,& Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326. Search in Google Scholar

Poudyal, S. (1988). Foreign Trade, Aid, and Development in Nepal: Commonwealth Publishers. Search in Google Scholar

Rashid, F., Ullah, S., & Bedi-uz-Zaman Ullah, S. (2012). Effects of Exports Instability on Economic Search in Google Scholar

Growth in SAARC Region Countries. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (PJCSS), 6(1), 97–120. Search in Google Scholar

Savvides, A. (1984). Export Instability and Economic Growth: Some New Evidence. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 32(3), 607–614. Search in Google Scholar

Shahbaz, M.,& Islam, F. (2011). Financial Development and Income Inequality in Pakistan: An Application of ARDL Approach. Search in Google Scholar

Tariq, A., & Najeeb, Q. (1995). Export Earnings Instability in Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 34(4), 1181–1189. Search in Google Scholar

Tegegne, A. (1991). Commodity Concentration and Export Earnings Instability: Evidence from African Countries. Search in Google Scholar

Tegene, A. (1990). Commodity Concentration and Export Earnings Instability: The Evidence from African Countries. The American Economist, 34(2), 55–59. Search in Google Scholar

Wasim, M. P. (1998). Major Exports of Pakistan: Their Growth and Instability. Journal of Economic Cooperation Among Islamic Countries, 19(3), 55–66. Search in Google Scholar