About this article
Published Online: Dec 28, 2023
Page range: -
Accepted: Aug 25, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/vri-2024-0001
Keywords
© 2023 Jan Koopman et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Data represent the number of objects that are detected or recognized more (second and third column) or less (fourth and fifth column) by a tenfold increase in illumination.
| Increasing slope | Decreasing slope | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VIP | Non-VIP | VIP | Non-VIP | |
| 3D – detection | 0.25 log−1 (0.12) | 0.32 log−1 (0.06) | −0.03 (0.12) | 0 (0) |
| 3D – recogn | 0.29 log−1 (0.13) | 0.32 log−1 (0.06) | −0.02 (0.09) | 0 (0) |
| 2D(1) – detection | 0.28 log−1 (0.12) | 0.22 log−1 (0.05) | −0.08 (0.12) | −0.03 (0.06) |
| 2D(1) – recogn | 0.28 log−1 (0.12) | 0.28 log−1 (0.04) | −0.04 (0.14) | −0.03 (0.06) |
| 2D(7) – detection | 0.26 log−1 (0.14) | 0.22 log−1 (0.05) | −0.09 (0.14) | −0.06 (0.14) |
| 2D(7) - recogn | 0.25 log−1 (0.11) | 0.30 log−1 (0.08) | −0.11 (0.15) | −0.03 (0.10) |
Linear regression models for the four fits of figure 3. Column R2 gives the explained variance of the linear regression models. The goodness of the fit is provided by the last column providing the F-value and the accompanying p-value.
| mean [2.5%–97.5%] | mean [2.5%–97.5%] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Detection 3D-2D(1) | 0.87 [0.71–1.04] | −3.4 [−3.6; −3.2] | 0.72 | 111 (> 0.001) |
| Detection 3D-2D(7) | 0.83 [0.63–1.03] | −3.2 [−3.5; −2.9] | 0.61 | 70 (> 0.001) |
| Recognition 3D-2D(1) | 0.84 [0.69–0.99] | −3.3 [−3.5; −3.1] | 0.74 | 127 (> 0.001) |
| Recognition 3D-2D(7) | 0.89 [0.71–1.07] | −3.3 [−3.5; −3.1] | 0.69 | 97 (>0.001) |
Group characteristics of the participants in the study.
| VIP (n=40) | Non-VIP (n=11) | |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) [min.–max.] | 54 [20–80] | 60 [51–76] |
| Female | 23 | 8 |
| Ocular disease |
16 Retinitis Pigmentosa or Usher syndrome 7 Glaucoma 5 macula degeneration 3 macular oedema 3 myopic degeneration 2 retinal detachment 2 Macular Pucker 2 Optic neuropathy 2 uveitis 1 Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy 1 Retinopathy of Prematurity 1 albinism 1 keratitis 1 meningitis encephalitis 1 microphthalmos 1 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension 1 unknown |
x |
| Visual acuity | ||
| < 0,3 LogMAR (>0.5) | 15 | 11 |
| 0.3–0.5 logMAR (0.3–0.5) | 7 | |
| 0.3–1 logMAR (0.1–0.3) | 13 | |
| >1 logMAR (<0.1) | 5 | |
| Contrast sensitivity | ||
| >1.6 logCS (normal) | 3 | 11 |
| >1.2 logCS (near normal) | 12 | |
| >0.8 logCS (moderate) | 9 | |
| >0.8 logCS (severely reduced) | ||
| unknown | ||
| 10 | ||
| Reason for rehabilitation | ||
| Need for light | 17 | 0 |
| glare | 8 | 0 |
| both | 15 | 0 |
The conditions provided in the Lightlabs used during the study. For the 2D Lightlab attenuation levels are given instead of the illumination level.
| 3D loc - 1 | 3D loc -2 | 3D loc 3 | 3D loc 4 | 2D | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nr participants | 5 (11 non VIP) | 30 | 5 | 1 | 51 (11 non VIP) |
| Nr objects | 24 | 45 | 34 | 45 | 20 |
| Illumination levels (linear) | 1.5, 5, 15, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000 lux | 1, 3, 5, 15, 50, 150, 500, 1000, 2000 lux | 1.5, 5, 15, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000 lux | 5, 15, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000 lux | 0,00025, 0.0001, 0.0078, 0.031, 0.063, 0.125, 0.25 E (attenuation) |
| Illumination levels (logarithmic) | 0.2, 0.7, 1.2, 1.7, 2.0, 2.3, 2.7, 3.0, 3.3 log(lux) | 0.0, 0.5, 0.7, 1.2, 1.7, 2.2, 2.7, 3.0, 3.3 log(lux) | 0.2, 0.7, 1.2, 1.7, 2.0, 2.3, 2.7, 3.0, 3.3 log(lux) | 0.7, 1.2, 1.7, 2.0, 2.3, 2.7, 3.0, 3.3 log(lux) | −3.6, −3.0, −2.1, −1.5, −1.2, −0.9, −0.6 logE |
| Colour temperature (K) | 3000 K | 2700 K | 3000 K | 2700 K | n.a. |