Life Imprisonment in Canada: Is the “Hope” Lost?

[1] R. (Wellington) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2007] EWHC 1109 (Admin) Search in Google Scholar

[2] R. (Wellington) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2009] EWKC 1109 (Admin) Search in Google Scholar

[3] Attorney General of Quebec, et al. v. Alexandre Bissonnette, 2021 CanLII 44585 (SCC). Search in Google Scholar

[4] Bissonnette c. R., 2020 QCCA 1585 Search in Google Scholar

[5] Canada (Attorney General) v. Whaling, [2014] 1 S.C.R. 392 Search in Google Scholar

[6] Quebec (Attorney General) v. 9147-0732 Québec inc., 2020 SCC 32 Search in Google Scholar

[7] R. v. Bissonnette, 2022 SCC 23 Search in Google Scholar

[8] R. c. Bissonnette, 2019 QCCS 354 Search in Google Scholar

[9] R. v. Boudreault, [2018] 3 S.C.R. 599 Search in Google Scholar

[10] R. v. Goltz, [1991] 3 S.C.R. 485 Search in Google Scholar

[11] R. v. Lloyd, [2016] 1 S.C.R. 130 Search in Google Scholar

[12] R. v. Luxton, [1990] 2 S.C.R. 711 Search in Google Scholar

[12] R. v. Martineau, [1990] 2 S.C.R. 633 Search in Google Scholar

[14] R. v. M. (C.A.), [1996] 1 S.C.R. 500 Search in Google Scholar

[15] R. v. Morrisey, [2000] 2 SCR 90 Search in Google Scholar

[16] R. v. Nur, [2015] 1 S.C.R. 773 Search in Google Scholar

[17] R. v. Sinclair, 1972 CanLII 1297 (ONCA) Search in Google Scholar

[18] R. v. Shropshire, [1995] 4 S.C.R. 227 Search in Google Scholar

[19] R. v. Swietlinski, [1994] 3 S.C.R. 481 Search in Google Scholar

[20] R. v. Zinck, [2003] 1 S.C.R. 41 Search in Google Scholar

[21] Case of Hutchinson v The United Kingdom, Application no. 57592/08, European Court of Human Rights (Forth Section) (January 2017) Search in Google Scholar

[22] Case of Vinter and Others v. The United Kingdom, (2013) Applications nos 66069/09, 130/10, 3896/10, European Court of Human Rights (Grand Chamber) Search in Google Scholar

[23] Kafkaris v Cyprus (2009) 49 E.H.R.R. 35 Search in Google Scholar

[24] Trabelsi v. Belgium, [GC] No. 140/10 [2014] ECHR Search in Google Scholar

[25] BBC News Mundo (November 12, 2020), ‘Cardena perpetua en América Latina: Los países que la aplican (y por qué Nicaragua se quiere unir a la lista)’ [Life imprisonment in Latin America: The countries that apply it (and why Nicaragua wants to join the list]. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-54906804 [accessed 9 December 2022] Search in Google Scholar

[26] Bedau H. A. (1989), ‘Imprisonment vs. Death: Does Avoiding Schwarzschild’s Paradox Lead to Sheleff’s Dilemma’, 54 Albany Law Review 481 Search in Google Scholar

[27] Berger B. (2015), ‘Sentencing and the Salience of Pain and Hope’, in Newman D. & Thorburn M., eds, The Dignity of Law – The Legacy of Justice Louis Lebel, Markham: LexisNexis Canada Search in Google Scholar

[28] Canada, Legal and Legislative Affairs Division (11 September 2009), Legislative Summary of Bill C-36: An Act to amend the Criminal Code (Serious Time for the Most Serious Crime Act) (author: Robin MacKay) Search in Google Scholar

[29] Carranza Jimenez D. C. (July 7, 2021), ‘Entra en vigor en Colombia la ley de cadena perpetua para violadores y asesinos de niños’ [The law of life imprisonment for rapists and murders of children enters into force in Colombia] Search in Google Scholar

[30] Chi L. L. & Vucong G. (2023), ‘Life Imprisonment in Viet Nam: Reflections on Reforms from a Human Rights Perspective’ in Zyl Smit, D. v., Appleton, C. and Vucong, G. (eds), Life Imprisonment in Asia, Palgrave Macmillan Search in Google Scholar

[31] Do T. V. & Le P. T. T. (year of publication unknown), ‘Life Imprisonment and Recommendation to Meet Justice Reform Requirements in Vietnam’, Conference Paper, University of Melbourne, 12. Retrieved from: https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/3902589/Tran-Van-Do.pdf [accessed 9 December 2022] Search in Google Scholar

[32] Gautam K. & Lafrance S. (2020), ‘A Comparative Survey of the Law of Bail in India and Canada’, in Khurshid S., Luthra S., Malik L., and Bedi S., Taking Bail Seriously – The State of Bail Jurisprudence in India, LexisNexis Search in Google Scholar

[33] Graham L. (2018), ‘From Vinter to Hutchinson and Back Again? The Story of Life Imprisonment Cases in the European Court of Human Rights’, 3 EHRLR 258 (pre-edited copy) Search in Google Scholar

[34] Grant I., Choi C., & Parkes D. (2020), ‘The Meaning of Life: A Study of the Use of Parole Ineligibility for Murder Sentencing’, 52(1) Ottawa L. Rev. Search in Google Scholar

[35] Gumboh E. (2011), ‘The Penalty of Life Imprisonment under International Criminal Law’, 11 African Human Rights Law Journal. Retrieved from: http://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/ahrlj/v11n1/05.pdf [accessed 9 December 2022] Search in Google Scholar

[36] Johnson R. & McGunigall-Smith S. (2008), ‘Life Without Parole, America’s Other Death Penalty Notes on Life Under Sentence of Death by Incarceration’, 88:2 Prison Journal 328 Search in Google Scholar

[37] Lafrance S. (2021), ‘Death Penalty in Canada and Its Abolition: The Way to Go for Asian Countries’, in Death Penalty in Asia: Law and Practice, International Conference Proceedings, Social Science Publishing House Search in Google Scholar

[38] Quang M. M. (2020), ‘Life imprisonment in the criminal law in some countries and experiences for Vietnam’, Industry and Trade Magazine. Retrieved from: https://tapchicongthuong.vn/bai-viet/hinh-phat-tu-chung-than-trong-phap-luat-hinh-sucua-motso-nuoc-tren-the-gioi-va-kinh-nghiem-cho-viet-nam-67968.htm [accessed 9 December 2022] Search in Google Scholar

[39] Rabbat P. (2002), ‘Aut dedere aut judicare: Constitutional Prohibitions on Extradition and the Statute of Rome’, 15(1) Quebec Journal of International Law Search in Google Scholar

[40] Reitz J. C. (1998), ‘How Do Comparative Law’, 46 The American Journal of Comparative Law 4, 617-636 Search in Google Scholar

[41] Shakespeare W. (2022), Hamlet, Bloomsbury Publishing (first publisher in 1623) Search in Google Scholar

[42] Spencer M. D. (2016), Hope for Murderers? Lifelong Incarceration in Canada, LLM thesis, University of Victoria Search in Google Scholar

[43] Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación, ‘Improcedente la extradición a EU cuando se trate de cadena perpetua: SCJN (2001), Unfair extradition to the US when it comes to life imprisonment: SCJN, México, D.F., No. 135/2001 Search in Google Scholar

[44] Tran K. & Vucong G. (2019), ‘The Changing Nature of Death Penalty in Vietnam: A Historical and Legal Inquiry’, 9 Societies Search in Google Scholar

[45] Trang N. Q. (year of publication unknown), ‘Release of Life Sentence Prisoners in Vietnam’, Conference Paper, University of Melbourne. Retrieved from: https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/3919244/Trang-Nguyen-Quynh.pdf [accessed 9 December 2022] Search in Google Scholar

[46] Trejo A. N. (April 14, 2021), ‘¿Es necesario aplicar la cadena perpetua para terminar con la violencia hacia las niñas y los niños en México?’, Foro jurídico. Retrieved from: https://forojuridico.mx/es-necesario-aplicar-la-cadena-perpetua-para-terminarcon-la-violencia-hacia-las-ninas-y-los-ninos-en-mexico/ [accessed 9 December 2022] Search in Google Scholar

[47] United Nations Office at Vienna Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Branch (1994), Life Imprisonment, United Nations, Vienna Search in Google Scholar

[48] Zyl Smit D. v. (2006), ‘Life imprisonment: Recent issues in national and international law’, 29 International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 405 Search in Google Scholar

[49] Zyl Smit D. V. & Appleton C. (2019), Life Imprisonment: A Global Human Rights Analysis, Harvard University Press, Massachusetts Search in Google Scholar

[50] Zyl Smit D. V. (1999), ‘Life Imprisonment as the Ultimate Penalty in International Law: A Human Rights Perspective’, 9 Criminal Law Forum 5 Search in Google Scholar