Description of personality traits by Chinese adjectives: A trial on university students

Angleitner, A., Ostendorf, F., & John, O.P. (1990). Towards a taxonomy of personality descriptors in German: A psycho-lexical study. European Journal of Personality, 4, 89-118.10.1002/per.2410040204Search in Google Scholar

Ashton, M.C. & Lee, K. (2005). A defense of the lexical approach to the study of personality structure. European Journal of Personality, 19, 5-24.10.1002/per.541Search in Google Scholar

Ashton, M.C. & Lee, K. (2007). Empirical, theoretical, and practical advantages of the HEXACO model of personality structure. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11, 150-166.10.1177/1088868306294907Search in Google Scholar

Avrill, J.R. (1997). The emotions: An integrative approach. In R. Hogan, J.A. Johnson, & S.R. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 513-541). San Diego, CA Academic Press.Search in Google Scholar

Bond, M.H. (1979). Dimensions used in perceiving peers: cross-cultures comparisons of Hong Kong, Japanese, American and Filipino university students. Internal Journal of Psychology, 14, 47-56.10.1080/00207597908246711Search in Google Scholar

Caprara, G.V. & Perugini, M. (1994). Personality described by adjectives: The generalizability of the Big Five to the Italian lexical context. European Journal of Personality, 8, 357-369.10.1002/per.2410080502Search in Google Scholar

Cawley, M.J. III, Martin, J.E., & Johnson, J.A. (2000). A virtues approach to personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 997-1013.10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00207-XSearch in Google Scholar

Church, A. (1987). Personality in a non-Western culture: The Philippines. Psychological Bulletin, 102, 272-292.10.1037/0033-2909.102.2.272Search in Google Scholar

Costa, P.T., Jr. & McCrae, R.R. (1994). NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO-PI-R) manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.Search in Google Scholar

Costa, P.T., Jr. & Widiger, T.A. (1994). Personality disorder and the five-factor model of personality. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.10.1037/10140-000Search in Google Scholar

Costa, P.T., Jr., Terracciano, A., & McCrae, R.R. (2001). Gender differences in personality traits acrss cultures: Rubost and surprising findings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 322-331.10.1037/0022-3514.81.2.322Search in Google Scholar

Craig, R.J. & Olson, R.E. (2001). Adjective descriptions of personality disorders: a convergent validity study of MCMI-III. Journal of Personality Assessment, 77, 259-271.10.1207/S15327752JPA7702_09Search in Google Scholar

Cross, S.E. & Markus, H.R. (1999). The cultural constitution of personality. In L. Pervin, O. John (Eds.), Handbook of Personality, vol. 2 (pp. 376-396). New York: Guilford.Search in Google Scholar

De Raad, B. (1992). The replicability of the big five personality dimensions in three word-classes of the Dutch language. European Journal of Personality, 6, 15-29.10.1002/per.2410060103Search in Google Scholar

De Raad, B. (2000). The Big Five personality factors: The psycholexical approach to personality. Gottingen: Hogrefe and Huber.Search in Google Scholar

De Raad, B. & Barelds, D.P.H. (2008). A new taxonomy of Dutch personality traits based on a comprehensive and unrestricted list of descriptors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 347-364.10.1037/0022-3514.94.2.347Search in Google Scholar

Dunn, J.A., Zhang, X.Y., & Ripple, R.E. (1988). Comparative study of Chinese and American performance on divergent thinking tasks. New Horizons, 29, 7-20.Search in Google Scholar

Goldberg, L.R. & Rosolack, T.K. (1994). The Big-Five structure as an integrated framework: An empirical comparison with Eysenck's P-E-N model. In C.F. Halverson, G.A. Kohnstamm, & R.P. Martin (Eds.), The developing structure of temperament and personality from infancy to adulthood (pp. 7-35). New York: Erlbaum.Search in Google Scholar

Gomez, R. (2006). Gender invariance of the five-factor model of personality among adolescents: a mean and covariance structure analysis approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 755-765.10.1016/j.paid.2006.03.012Search in Google Scholar

Guenole, N., & Chernyshenko, O.S. (2005). The stability of Goldberg's Big Five IPIP personality markers in New Zealand: a dimensionality, bias, and criterion validity. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 34, 86-96.Search in Google Scholar

Hofstee, W.K.B. (1977). Preliminary steps in structuring the set of 1,204 Dutch personality-descriptive adjectives. Heymans Bulletins, HB-77-302 IN, University of Groningen.Search in Google Scholar

John, O.P., Angleitner, A., & Ostendorf, F. (1988). The lexical approach to personality: a historical review of trait taxonomic research. European Journal of Personality, 2, 171-203.10.1002/per.2410020302Search in Google Scholar

Lee, K., and Ashton, M.C. (2008). The HEXACO personality factors in the indigenous personality lexicons of English and 11 other languages. Journal of Personality, 76, 1001-1054.10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00512.xSearch in Google Scholar

Leohlin, J.C., McCrae, R.R., Costa, P.T., Jr., & John, O.P. (1998). Heritabilities of common and measure specific components of the Big Five personality factors. Journal of Research in Personality, 32, 431-453.10.1006/jrpe.1998.2225Search in Google Scholar

McCrae, R.R. (2004). Human nature and culture: A trait perspective. Journal of Research in Personality, 38, 3-14.10.1016/j.jrp.2003.09.009Search in Google Scholar

McCrae, R.R. & Costa, P.T. Jr. (1996). Toward a new generation of personality theories: theoretical contexts for the five-factor model. In S. Wiggins (Ed.), The five-factor model of personality: Theoretical perspectives (pp. 51-87). New York: Guilford.Search in Google Scholar

McCrae, R.R. & Costa, P.T. Jr. (1997). Personality trait structure as a human universal. American Psychologist, 52, 509-516.10.1037/0003-066X.52.5.509Search in Google Scholar

Mlacic, B. & Ostendorf, F. (2005). Taxonomy and structure of Croatian personality-descriptive adjectives. European Journal of Personality, 19, 117-152.10.1002/per.539Search in Google Scholar

Muris, P., Meesters, C., & Diederen, R. (2005). Psychometric properties of the Dutch big five questionnaire for children in a Dutch sample of young adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 1757-1769.10.1016/j.paid.2004.11.018Search in Google Scholar

Paunonen, S.V., Ashton, M.C., & Clark, D.N. (2001). Nonverbal assessment of the Big Five personality factors. European Journal of Personality, 15, 3-18.10.1002/per.385Search in Google Scholar

Peabody, D. (1987) Selecting representative trait adjectives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 59-71.10.1037/0022-3514.52.1.59Search in Google Scholar

Poortinga, Y.H., van de Vijver, F., & van Hemert, D.A. (2002). Cross-culture equivalence of the Big Five: A tentative interpretation of the evidence. In R.R. McCrae & J. Allik (Eds.), The Five-Factor Model of personality across cultures (pp. 273-294). New York: Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers.Search in Google Scholar

Redding, G. & Wong, G.Y.Y. (1986). The psychology of Chinese organizational behavior. In M.H. Bond (Ed.), The psychology of the Chinese people (pp. 267-295). London: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Rudowicz, E. & Yue, X. (2002). Compatibility of Chinese and creative personalities. Creativity Research Journal, 14, 387-394.10.1207/S15326934CRJ1434_9Search in Google Scholar

Saucier, G. & Goldberg, L.R. (2001). Lexical studies of indigenous personality factors: premises, products, and prospects. Journal of Personality, 69, 847-879.10.1111/1467-6494.696167Search in Google Scholar

Shmelyov, A.G. & Pokhil'ko, V.I. (1993). A taxonomy-oriented study of Russian personality-trait names. European Journal of Personality, 7, 1-17.10.1002/per.2410070102Search in Google Scholar

Song, W. (1985). Analysis of results of MMPI of normal Chinese subjects. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 4, 346-355 (in Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

Szarota, P. (1996). Taxonomy of the Polish personality-descriptive adjectives of the highest frequency of use. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 27, 343-351.Search in Google Scholar

Wang, D. & Cui, H. (2004). Reliabilities and validities of the Chinese Personality Scale (QZPS). Acta Psychologica Sinica, 36, 347-358 (in Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

Whitmore, J.M., Shore, W.J., & Smith, P.H. (2004). Partial knowledge of word meanings: thematic and taxonomic representations. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 33, 137-164.10.1023/B:JOPR.0000017224.21951.0eSearch in Google Scholar

Yang, K.S. (1990). Chinese personality and its change. In M.H. Bond (Ed.), The psychology of the Chinese people (pp. 106-170). Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Yang, K.S. & Bond, M.H. (1990). Exploring implicit personality theories with indigenous or imported constructs: The Chinese case. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 1087-1095.10.1037/0022-3514.58.6.1087Search in Google Scholar