Causes of Failures in Circular Concrete Silo Walls, Particularly Under Environmental Influences

ACI (American Concrete Institute). (2008) Guide to Durable Concrete. ACI 201.2R-16, Farmington Hills, MI., USASearch in Google Scholar

ACI (American Concrete Institute). (2016) Design Specification for Concrete Silos and Stacking Tubes for Storing Granular Materials and Commentary. ACI 313-16, Farmington Hills, MI., USASearch in Google Scholar

Alarab, L.A. - Poursaee, A. - Ross, B.E. (2019) An experimental method for evaluating reinforcement corrosion in cracked concrete. Journal of Structural Integrity and Maintenance, 4(1), Taylor & Francis, pp. 43-50. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/24705314. 2019.1565058Search in Google Scholar

Al-Galawi, N.M. - Al-Tameemi, A.H.H. - Al-Jarrah, S.H. (2016) Effect of Age and Concrete Cover Thickness on Steel Reinforcement Corrosion at Splash Zone in Reinforced Concrete Hydraulic Structures. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 5(9), pp. 129-133. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f501/4ff2ff08af52ee9fceb82d89c09a3d43f530.pdf?_ga=2.170640224.1947854787.1575991952-1203245428.1575879417Search in Google Scholar

Al-Harthy, A.S. - Stewart, M.G. - Mullard, J. (2011) Concrete cover cracking caused by steel reinforcement corrosion. Magazine of Concrete Research. 63(9), pp. 655-667. https://pdfs.semantic-scholar.org/9ad8/a6ac957741b48c7c17a92d6b2b431a6896e5.pdf.10.1680/macr.2011.63.9.655Search in Google Scholar

Alonso, C. - Andrade, C. - Rodriguez, J. - Diez, J.M. (1998) Factors controlling cracking of concrete affected by reinforcement corrosion. Materials and Structures, 31, pp. 435-441. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2FBF02480466.pdf10.1007/BF02480466Search in Google Scholar

CEN (European Committee for Standardization) (2004) Design of concrete structures – Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings. EN 1992-1-1, Brussels. doi: https://www.phd.eng.br/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/en.1992.1.1.2004.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

CEN (European Committee for Standardization) (2006). Actions on structures - Part 4: Silos and tanks. EN 1991-4, Brussels.Search in Google Scholar

CEN (European Committee for Standardization) (2006) Design of concrete structures – Part 3: Liquid retaining and containment structures. EN 1992-3, Brussels.Search in Google Scholar

Chen Z., Li X. - Yang Y. - Zhao S. - Fu Z. (2018) Experimental and numerical investigation of the effect of temperature patterns on behavior of large scale silo. 91(1), Engineering Failure Analysis, pp. 543-553. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2018.04.043.10.1016/j.engfailanal.2018.04.043Search in Google Scholar

Chi, J.M. - Huang, R. - Yang, C.C. (2002) Effects of Carbonation on Mechanical Properties and Durability of Concrete Using Accelerated Testing Method. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 10(1), pp. 14-20. https://jmst.ntou.edu.tw/marine/10-1/14-20.pdf10.51400/2709-6998.2296Search in Google Scholar

Dahlin, K.B. - Chuang, Y. - Roulet, T.J. (2018) Opportunity, Motivation, and Ability to Learn from Failures and Errors: Review, Synthesis, and Ways to Move Forward. Academy of Management Annals, 12(1), pp. 252-277. doi: https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2016.0049.10.5465/annals.2016.0049Search in Google Scholar

Diamoutene, K. - Kaminski, M. (2003) Investigation of temperature and strain distribution in reinforced-concrete wall of a rapeseed storage silo. Structural Concrete, 4(3), pp. 109-116. doi: https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/abs/10.1680/stco.2003.4.3.10910.1680/stco.2003.4.3.109Search in Google Scholar

Dogangun, A. - Karaca, Z. - Durmus, A. - Sezen, H. (2009) Cause of Damage and Failures in Silo Structures. ASCE J. of Performance of Constructed Fac. 23(2), pp. 65-71. https://ascelibrary. org/doi/full/10.1061/%28ASCE%290887-3828%282009%2923 %3A2%2865%2910.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(2009)23:2(65)Search in Google Scholar

fib (International Federation for Structural Concrete) (2006) Model Code for Service Life Design, fib Bulletin No 34. https://www.fib-international.org/publications/fib-bulletins/model-code-for-service-life-design-pdf-detail.htmlSearch in Google Scholar

fib (International Federation for Structural Concrete) (2013) Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010.” Ernst & Sohn. doi: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9783433604090.10.1002/9783433604090Search in Google Scholar

Heinrich, P.J. - Schlicke D. (2018) Crack Assessment of a Very Thick and Bloc-Like Concrete Member, Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering, 26(3), pp. 41-48. doi: 10.2478/sjce-2018-001910.2478/sjce-2018-0019Search in Google Scholar

Holland, R.B. - Kurtis, K.E. - Kahn, L.F. (2016) Effect of different concrete materials on the corrosion of the embedded reinforcing steel. Corrosion of Steel in Concrete Structures. Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil Engineering, No. 61, pp. 131-147. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-78242-381-2.00007-910.1016/B978-1-78242-381-2.00007-9Search in Google Scholar

Hussain, S. - Bhunia, D. - Singh, S.B. (2016) Assessment of carbonation depth under natural and accelerated carbonation conditions. Indian Concrete Journal, No. 11, pp. 57-64. https://www. researchgate.net/publication/304526735Search in Google Scholar

ISO (International Organization for Standardization) (2008) General principles on the design of structures for durability. ISO 13823, Geneva.Search in Google Scholar

Jofriet, J.C. - Jiang, S. - Tang, S.W. (1991) Finite element prediction of temperature gradients in walls of cylindrical concrete storage structures. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 18(1), 12-19. doi: https://doi.org/10.1139/l91-00210.1139/l91-002Search in Google Scholar

Lapko, A. - Prusiel, J.A. (2006) Analysis of thermal effects in grouped silos of grain elevators. Int. Agrophysics, 20(4), pp. 301-307. http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Analysis-of-thermal-effects-in-grouped-silos-of-grain-elevators,106615,0,2.htmlSearch in Google Scholar

Li, C.Q. - Yang, S.T. (2011) Prediction of Concrete Crack Width under Combined Reinforcement Corrosion and Applied Load. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, 137(11), 722-731. doi: https://10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.000028910.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000289Search in Google Scholar

Li, W., Xu, Ch., Ho, S.C.M., Wang, B. and Song, G. (2017) Monitoring Concrete Deterioration Due to Reinforcement Corrosion by Integrating Acoustic Emission and FBG Strain Measurements. Sensors (Basel), 17(3): 657. doi: http://doi:10.3390/s1703065710.3390/s17030657537594328327510Search in Google Scholar

Litzner, H. - Becker, A. (1999) Design of concrete structures for durability and strength to Eurocode 2. Materials and Structures, 32(6), 323-330. doi: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF02479623.pdf10.1007/BF02479623Search in Google Scholar

Lu, C.H. and Liu, R.G. (2010) A model for predicting time to corrosion-induced cover cracking in reinforced concrete structures. Fracture Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures - Assessment, Durability, Monitoring and Retrofitting of Concrete Structures- B. H. Oh, et al. (eds.), Korea Concrete Institute, Seoul, 967-975, https://framcos.org/FraMCoS-7/07-17.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

Lynskey, G. (2016) Too Big to Fail? Proceedings of the IEEE 4^th International Conference on Collaboration and Internet Computing, Nov. 1-3, Pittsburgh, PA., USA10.1109/CITCON.2016.7742676Search in Google Scholar

Matiaskova, L. - Bilcik, J. - Soltesz, J. (2020) Failure analysis of reinforced concrete walls of cylindrical silos under elevated temperatures. Engineering Failure Analysis, Elsevier, https://doi. org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2019.10428110.1016/j.engfailanal.2019.104281Search in Google Scholar

Moodi, Y. - Sohrabi, M.R. - Mousavi, S.R. (2020) Effects of stirrups in spliced region on the bond strength of corroded splices in reinforced concrete (RC) beams. Construction and Building Materials, Elsevier, 230(1), pp. 1-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. conbuildmat.2019.116873.Search in Google Scholar

Nilsson, L.O. - Kamali-Bernard, S. - Santhanam, M. (2016) Durability of Reinforced Concrete Structures and Penetrability. In: State of the Art Report: Performance-Based Specifications and Control of Concrete Durability, RILEM TC 230-PSC. Springer, pp. 9-17. doi: http://DOI10.1007/978-94-017-7309-610.1007/978-94-017-7309-6_2Search in Google Scholar

Noakowski, P. - Harling, A. - Zdanowicz, L. (2015) Background, Reliability and Appliance of the Crack Width Prediction Method According to EN 13084. Architecture - Civil Engineering - Environment, No. 2/2015, pp. 61-70. http://www.acee-journal. pl/1,7,35,Issues.htmlSearch in Google Scholar

Papadakis, V.G. - Fardis, M.N. - Vayenas, C.G. (1992) Effect of Composition, Environmental Factors and Cement Lime Mortar Coating on Concrete Carbonation. Materials and Structures, 25(149), Springer Nature Switzerland AG, pp. 293-304. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02472670.10.1007/BF02472670Search in Google Scholar

Poukhonto, L.M. (2003) Durability of Concrete Structures and Constructions. Silos, Bunkers, Reservoirs, Water Towers, Retaining Walls, Balkema Publishers, The Netherlands. https://books.google.sk/books?id=bvW8sGEW114C&dq=concrete+silos+under+environmental+influences&hl=sk&source=gbs_navlinks_sSearch in Google Scholar

Prota, A. - Parretti, R. - Nanni, A. (2003) Upgrade of RC Silos Using Near Surface Mounted FRP Composites. L’Industria Italiana del Cemento, pp. 170-182.Search in Google Scholar

Sagarnaga, J. C. (2018) Concrete Silo Failures Due to Design Errors. Proc. of the Eighth Congress on Forensic Engineering, ASCE, 696-706. doi: https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784482018. fm.10.1061/9780784482018Search in Google Scholar

Savija, B. - Lukovic, M. - Pacheco, J. - Schlangen, E. (2013) Cracking of the concrete cover due to reinforcement corrosion: A two dimensional lattice model study. Construction and Building Materials, 44, pp. 626-638. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257389862.Search in Google Scholar

Sfikas, I.P. - Ingham, J. - Baber, J. (2017) Using finite-element analysis to assess the thermal behaviour of concrete structures, Concrete, Feb. 2017, pp. 50-52. London, UK. doi: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313661324.Search in Google Scholar

Shaikh, F.U.A. (2018) Effect of Cracking on Corrosion of Steel in Concrete. Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater., 12(3). pp. 29-133. doi: http://DOI10.1186/s40069-018-0234-y10.1186/s40069-018-0234-ySearch in Google Scholar

Steward, G.M. - Mullard, J.A. (2007) Spatial time-dependent reliability analysis of corrosion damage and the timing of first repair for RC structures. Engineering Structures, 29(7), pp. 1457–1464. doi: http://doi:10.1016/j. engstruct.2006.09.004Search in Google Scholar