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The association between suicidal behaviour and violence, sexual abuse, and parental substance abuse among Sami and Greenlandic adolescents: the WBYG study and the NAAHS

Ida Pauline Høilo Granheim
Ida Pauline Høilo Granheim
, 
Siv Kvernmo
Siv Kvernmo
, 
Anne Silviken
Anne Silviken
 and 
Christina Viskum Lytken Larsen
Christina Viskum Lytken Larsen
   | Apr 01, 2023
Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology's Cover Image
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Article Category: Research Article
Published Online: Apr 01, 2023
Page range: 10 - 26
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/sjcapp-2023-0002
Keywords
© 2023 Ida Pauline Høilo Granheim, Siv Kvernmo, Anne Silviken, Christina Viskum Lytken Larsen, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

OR of suicide attempts on negative life events and socio-demographic independent variables.

Sami
 Inuit
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) Adjusted OR (95% CI) Unadjusted OR (95% CI) Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Negative life events
Not experienced negative life event 1.0 (ref.)
Experienced violence 3.49 (1.88-6.48)a 4.25 (2.09-8.65)a 3.08 (1.80-5.26)a 2.94 (1.59-5.45)a
Experienced sexual abuse 9.31 (4.06-21.33)a 7.33 (2.90-18.53)a 5.70 (2.80-11.63)a 2.47 (1.10-5.55)c
Parental substance abuse 2.15 (.83-5.59) 1.68 (.52-5.47) 1.75 (1.05-2.91)c 1.17 (.66-2.07)
Female gender 2.46 (1.32-4.59)b 2.81 (1.36-5.82)b 4.87 (2.67-8.86)a 4.34 (2.21-8.51)a
Family situation
Living with both parents 1.0 (ref.)
Living in a single-parent family .75 (.35-1.59) .72 (.31-1.66) 1.24 (.70-1.19) 1.05 (.56-1.97)
Living in a stepparent family 2.96 (1.30-6.74)b 3.12 (1.20-8.12)c 1.03 (.36-2.97) .99 (.28-3.51)
Living outside the biological family 1.78 (.37-8.63) .43 (.06-3.19) 1.59 (.84-3.00) 1.21 (.56-2.62)
Rural living 1.28 (.71-2.30) 1.93 (.96-3.88)d 2.86 (1.71-4.77)a 2.62 (1.40-4.91)b

Unadjusted and multiple regression analysis predicting suicidal thoughts in Sami and Inuit female and male adolescents

Sami
 Inuit
Females Males Females Males
Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted
OR (95% Cl) OR (95% Cl) OR (95% Cl) OR (95% Cl) OR (95% Cl) OR (95% Cl) OR (95% Cl) OR (95% Cl)
Negative life events
Not experienced negative life event 1.0 (ref.)
Experienced violence 2.22 2.39 3.99 3.66 4.13 3.40 2.38 2.89
(1.070-4.60)c (1.04-.48)c (2.05-7.77)a (1.82-7.35)a (1.98-8.62)a (1.55-7.45)b (.95-5.94)d (1.03-8.14)c
Experienced sexual abuse 20.63 (2.70-157.65)b 25.82 (3.11-214.53)b 2.83 (.69-11.72) 3.04 (.54-17.06) 3.79 (1.64-8.78)b 2.22 (.89-5.56) .00f .00f
Parental substance abuse 9.55 11.18 1.06 .84 1.97 1.69 1.29 .94
(1.19-76.78)c (1.17-107.11)d (.36-3.11) (.25-2.82) (1.12-3.47)c (.91-3.14) (.57-2.92) (.39-2.29)
Family situation
Living with both parents 1.0 (ref.)
Single-parent family 1.45 1.27 1.39 1.25 1.35 1.29 2.62 3.01
(.77-2.76) (.63-2.54) (.70-2.77) (.60-2.63) (.74-2.46) (.67-2.46) (.88-7.79) (.98-9.28)d
Stepparent family 9.97 7.11 4.99 4.62 8.95 5.69 2.86 2.25
(2.21-45.03)b (1.46-34.55)c (1.83-13.64)b (1.58-13.56)b (1.06-75.56)c (.60-53.69) (.71-11.46) (.48-10.46)
Outside biological family 1.25 .17 .91 .71 2.01 1.40 2.95 4.74
(.24-6.39) (.02-1.85) (.10-8.46) (.07-7.21) (.92-4.38)e (.58-3.40) (.98-8.83)d (1.35-16.68)c
Rural/urban living .94 1.35 .86 .95 2.91 2.38 .84 .41
(.55-1.62) (.73-2.48) (.47-1.56) (.49-1.86) (1.51-5.61)3 (1.13-5.02)c (.32-2.25) (.12-1.36)

Unadjusted and multiple regression analysis predicting suicide attempts in Sami and Inuit female and male adolescents

Sami
 Inuit
Females Males Females Males
Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted
OR (95% Cl) OR (95% Cl) OR (95% Cl) OR (95% Cl) OR (95% Cl) OR (95% Cl) OR (95% Cl) OR (95% Cl)
Negative life events
Not experienced negative life event 1.0 (ref.)
Experienced violence 3.05 3.30 6.96 6.21 3.09 2.92 3.57 3.64
(1.35-6.88)b (1.29-8.41)c (2.26-21.41)3 (1.88-20.48)b (1.60-5.95)3 (1.41-6.04)b (1.16-10-98)c (1.02-13.01)c
Experienced sexual abuse 8.12 (2.98-22.07)3 8.44 (2.89-4.65)a 8.91 (1.91-41.45)b 3.25 (.40-26.32) 3.78 (1.79-7.97)3 2.41 (1.05-5.56)c .00f .00f
Parental substance abuse 1.28 (.26-6.30) 1.24 (.19-.92) 4.43 (1.26-15.54)c 2.14 (.42-10.88) 1.89 (1.01-3.52)c 1.53 (.77-3.03) .74 (.26-2.15) .54 (.16-1.74)
Family situation
Living with both parents 1.0 (ref.)
Single-parent family .72 (.27.1.90) .71 (.25-2.04) .95 (.28-3.28) .68 (.16-2.90) .92 (.48-1.78) .81 (.39-1.64) 2.90 (.76-11.07) 2.91 (.73-11.57)
Stepparent family 2.76 2.60 3.87 4.45 2.27 1.12 1.04 .85
(.93-8.17)e (.75-.04) (1.04-14.41)c (.93-21.22)d (.53-9.67) (.23-5.57) (.11-10.00) (.08-9.06)
Outside biological family 2.76 (.93-8.17)e .64 (.07-6.02) .00f .00f 2.15 (.99-4.66)d 1.36 (.56-3.32) 1.45 (.31-6.90) 1.05 (.18-6.23)
Rural/urban living 1.14 (.55-2.35) 1.48 (.63-3.48) 1.63 (.57-4.67) 2.87 (.79-10.41) 3.52 (1.88-6.61)a 2.91 (1.41-6.00)b 1.86 (.59-5.83) 1.75 (.43-7.11)

OR of suicidal thoughts on negative life events and socio-demographic independent variables.

Sami
 Inuit
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) Adjusted OR (95% CI) Unadjusted OR (95% CI) Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Negative life events
Not experienced negative life event 1.0 (ref.)
Experienced violence 2.49 (1.56-3.98)a 2.91 (1.71-4.97)a 3.09 (1.85-5.16)a 3.02 (1.66-5.50)a
Experienced sexual abuse 7.85 (2.91-21.17)a 7.92 (2.53-24.79)a 5.80 (2.64-12.73)a 2.37 (1.00-5.61)c
Parental substance abuse 1.66 (.77-3.57) 1.64 (.67-3.99) 1.97 (1.27-3.06)b 1.40 (.85-2.31)
Female gender 2.82 (1.88-4.22)a 3.44 (2.18-5.45)a 4.69 (2.92-7.55)a 4.23 (2.45-7.28)a
Family situation
Living with both parents 1.0 (ref.)
Living in a single-parent family 1.28 (.816-2.01) 1.37 (.83-2.26) 1.65 (1.00-2.73)c 1.57 (.90-2.73)
Living in a stepparent family 5.34 (2.47-11.53)a 5.65 (2.40-13.33)a 2.02 (.83-4.88) 2.48 (.85-7.18)
Living outside the biological family 1.13 (.32-3.96) .44 (.09-2.18) 1.80 (1.01-3.21)c 1.93 (.95-3.89)d
Rural living .91 (.62-1.35) 1.12 (.72-1.75) 1.87 (1.16-3.01)c 1.44 (.80-2.60)

Distribution of outcome and associated variables by ethnicity and gender.

Sami (NAAHS)
 Inuit (WBYG)
 Sami/lnuit
Female Male Total Effect gender of Female Male Total Effect gender of Effect ethnicity of
N % N % N % X2/P N % N % N % X2/P X2/p
Outcome variables
Suicidal behavior
Suicidal thoughts 108 50.7 58 26.7 166 37.6 26.07p<.001 116 51.8 30 18.6 146 36.6 43.73p<.001 .026.873
No suicidal thoughts 105 49.3 159 73.3 264 59.7 108 48.2 131 81.4 239 59.9
Suicide attempts 35 16.4 7.4 16 51 11.5 8.34004 75 33.3 15 9.3 90 22.6 30.28p<.001 19 17p<.001
No suicide attempts 178 83.6 200 92.6 378 85.5 150 66.7 146 90.7 296 74.2
Negative life events
Experienced violence 39 18.1 58 26.1 97 22.2 4.03045 48 20.8 29 17.3 77 19.3 .77.379 .92.338
Not experienced violence 176 81.9 164 73.9 340 77.8 183 79.2 139 82.7 322 80.7
Experienced sexual abuse 19 8.9 8 3.6 27 6.2 5.39020 35 15.2 1 .6 36 9.0 25.11p<.001 2.55110
Not experienced sexual abuse 194 91.1 216 96.4 410 93.8 196 84.8 167 99.4 363 91.0
Parents' substance abuse: Yes 10 4.7 20 8.8 30 6.8 3.06.080 153 67.4 87 53.7 240 61.7 7.51006 285.98p<.001
Parents' substance abuse: No 205 95.3 206 91.2 411 93.2 74 32.6 75 46.3 149 38.3
Associated variables
Socio-demographics
Gender 216 48.9 226 51.1 231 57.9 168 42.1
Living situation 1.87.600 9.28.026 70.05p<.001
Living with both parents 139 64.4 131 58.7 270 61.5 101 44.9 65 42.5 166 41.6
Single-parent family 53 24.5 66 29.6 119 26.9 77 34.2 38 24.8 115 28.8
Living in a stepparent family 18 8.3 21 9.4 39 8.8 9 4.0 15 9.8 24 6.0
Outside biological family 6 2.8 5 2.2 11 2.5 38 16.9 35 22.9 73 18.3
Living context .09.764 .33.566 65.43p<.001
Urban living 103 47.7 111 49.1 214 48.4 173 74.9 130 77.4 96 24.1
Rural living 113 52.3 115 50.9 228 51.6 58 25.1 38 22.6 303 75.9
eISSN:
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Language:
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Journal Subjects:
Medicine, Basic Medical Science, other
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