<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<sec id="j_sjcapp-2022-0008_s_007">
<h3>Background</h3>
<p>Further knowledge is needed regarding long-term outcome of emotional symptoms, and the interplay between these symptoms and neuropsychological functioning in youth with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="j_sjcapp-2022-0008_s_008">
<h3>Objective</h3>
<p>We aimed to explore the effect of performance-based neurocognitive functions and parent-rated behavioral executive functioning (EF) on self-rated and parent-rated internalizing symptoms longitudinally in clinically referred youth with ADHD (n = 137; mean age = 12.4 years). We also aimed to examine the change in self-rated emotional symptoms in the ADHD group and a Control group (n = 59; mean age = 11.9 years).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="j_sjcapp-2022-0008_s_009">
<h3>Method</h3>
<p>At baseline, and three years later, parents completed rating scales of their child’s ADHD symptoms (Swanson Nolan Pelham Scale, Version IV – SNAP-IV), emotional symptoms (Five To Fifteen Questionnaire, Strengths, and Difficulties Questionnaire), and EF (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function). At the same time, the child completed self-report measures of Anxiety, Depression, and Anger Inventories (the Beck Youth Inventories) and neurocognitive measures (Conner’s Continuous Performance Test, Version II (CPT-II), Working Memory and Processing Speed composites (Wechsler Intelligence Scales). Statistical analyses were linear and logistic mixed models.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="j_sjcapp-2022-0008_s_010">
<h3>Results</h3>
<p>Using longitudinal data, parent- and self-ratings of emotional symptoms were associated with parent-ratings of EF behavior in youth with ADHD. Plan/organizing deficits were associated with Anxiety and Anger over and above other metacognitive subscales, while Emotional Control was related to Anger over and above other behavior regulation subscales. In the ADHD group, Anger symptoms improved across measuring points. When controlling for age, Anxiety, and Depression symptoms were largely stable in both groups, however at higher levels in the ADHD group. The differences in anxiety and depression symptoms across groups decreased over time.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="j_sjcapp-2022-0008_s_011">
<h3>Conclusions</h3>
<p>The current study emphasizes the importance of identification, monitoring, and treatment of emotional symptoms, and behavioral aspects of EF in youth with ADHD.</p></sec>
</abstract>

Background
Further knowledge is needed regarding long-term outcome of emotional symptoms, and the interplay between these symptoms and neuropsychological functioning in youth with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).


Objective
We aimed to explore the effect of performance-based neurocognitive functions and parent-rated behavioral executive functioning (EF) on self-rated and parent-rated internalizing symptoms longitudinally in clinically referred youth with ADHD (n = 137; mean age = 12.4 years). We also aimed to examine the change in self-rated emotional symptoms in the ADHD group and a Control group (n = 59; mean age = 11.9 years).


Method
At baseline, and three years later, parents completed rating scales of their child’s ADHD symptoms (Swanson Nolan Pelham Scale, Version IV – SNAP-IV), emotional symptoms (Five To Fifteen Questionnaire, Strengths, and Difficulties Questionnaire), and EF (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function). At the same time, the child completed self-report measures of Anxiety, Depression, and Anger Inventories (the Beck Youth Inventories) and neurocognitive measures (Conner’s Continuous Performance Test, Version II (CPT-II), Working Memory and Processing Speed composites (Wechsler Intelligence Scales). Statistical analyses were linear and logistic mixed models.


Results
Using longitudinal data, parent- and self-ratings of emotional symptoms were associated with parent-ratings of EF behavior in youth with ADHD. Plan/organizing deficits were associated with Anxiety and Anger over and above other metacognitive subscales, while Emotional Control was related to Anger over and above other behavior regulation subscales. In the ADHD group, Anger symptoms improved across measuring points. When controlling for age, Anxiety, and Depression symptoms were largely stable in both groups, however at higher levels in the ADHD group. The differences in anxiety and depression symptoms across groups decreased over time.


Conclusions
The current study emphasizes the importance of identification, monitoring, and treatment of emotional symptoms, and behavioral aspects of EF in youth with ADHD.

The three-year outcome of emotional symptoms in clinically referred youth with ADHD and their relationship to neuropsychological functions

Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Background
Further knowledge is needed regarding long-term outcome of emotional symptoms, and the interplay between these symptoms and neuropsychological...

The three-year outcome of emotional symptoms in clinically referred youth with ADHD and their relationship to neuropsychological functions

Article Category: Research Article

Published Online: Jul 03, 2022

Page range: 72 - 86

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/sjcapp-2022-0008

Keywords
ADHD, emotional symptoms, follow-up, executive functioning, youth

© 2022 Pia Tallberg, Kristina Svanberg, Anne-Li Hallin, Maria Rastam, Peik Gustafsson, and Sean Perrin, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

The three-year outcome of emotional symptoms in clinically referred youth with ADHD and their relationship to neuropsychological functions

Article Category: Research Article

Published Online: Jul 03, 2022

Page range: 72 - 86

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/sjcapp-2022-0008

KeywordsADHD, emotional symptoms, follow-up, executive functioning, youth

© 2022 Pia Tallberg, Kristina Svanberg, Anne-Li Hallin, Maria Rastam, Peik Gustafsson, and Sean Perrin, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Keywords
ADHD, emotional symptoms, follow-up, executive functioning, youth