The Mass Media Freedom in a State of Emergency: Infodemic vs. COVID-19 Pandemic

- Bennett, W. Lance; Livingston, S. (2018). The disinformation order: Disruptive communication and the decline of democratic institutions. European journal of communication, v. 33, n. 2, pp. 122-139. https://doi.org/10.1177/026732311876031710.1177/0267323118760317Search in Google Scholar

- Bennett, W. L. & Pfetsch, B. (2018). Rethinking political communication in a time of disrupted public spheres. Journal of communication, v. 68, n. 2, pp. 243-253. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqx01710.1093/joc/jqx017Search in Google Scholar

- Blackbird.ai. COVID-19 (Coronavirus) Disinformation Report. Retrieved from: https://www.blackbird.ai/covid-19-disinformation/Search in Google Scholar

- Carlson, M. (2017). Journalistic authority: Legitimating news in the digital era. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN: 978 0 23117445910.7312/carl17444Search in Google Scholar

- Casero-Ripollés, Andreu (2018). Research on political information and social media: Key points and challenges for the future. El profesional de la información, v. 27, n. 5, pp. 964-974. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2018.sep.0110.3145/epi.2018.sep.01Search in Google Scholar

- Casero-Ripolles, Andreu. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on the Media System. Communicative and Democratic Consequences of News Consumption during the Outbreak Casero-Ripollés, Andreu (2020). El profesional de la información, v. 29, n. 2, e290223. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.mar.23, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=359413310.3145/epi.2020.mar.23Search in Google Scholar

- Chadwick, Andrew. (2017). The hybrid media system: Politics and power. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978 0 19069673310.1093/oso/9780190696726.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

- Dahl, Robert A. (2006). On political equality. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN: 978 0 300126877Search in Google Scholar

- Habermas, Jürgen. (2006). Political communication in media society: Does democracy still enjoy an epistemic dimension? The impact of normative theory on empirical research. Communication theory, v. 16, n. 4, pp. 411-426. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2006.00280.x10.1111/j.1468-2885.2006.00280.xSearch in Google Scholar

- Islam, M.S. Sarkar, T. Khan, S.H. et al.(2020) COVID-19–Related Infodemic and Its Impact on Public Health: A Global Social Media Analysis. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-081210.4269/ajtmh.20-0812Search in Google Scholar

- Posseti, J & Bontcheva, K. Combating the disinfodemic: Working for truth in the time of COVID-19, UNESCO. Retrieved from: https://en.unesco.org/sites/default/files/disinfodemic_deciphering_covid19_disinformation.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

- Rosen, G. (2020, April 16). VP Integrity, An Update on Our Work to Keep People Informed and Limit Misinformation About COVID-19. Retrieved from: https://about.fb.com/news/2020/04/covid-19-misinfo-update/Search in Google Scholar

- Runcheva, H. (2012). Protecting the Freedom of Expression: Between the European Convention and the EU Charter. Political Thought 38(2012): 95-102. Skopje: Konrad Adenauer Foundation. Retrieved from: http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_31334-1522-1-30.pdf?121230203707Search in Google Scholar

- Srivastava, K.C. at all, Facade of media and social media during COVID-19: A review. Retrieved from: https://pharmascope.org/ijrps/article/view/2288/4482, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2288.10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2288Search in Google Scholar

- Stojanovska-Stefanova, A. Atanasoski, D. and Chacorovski, Z. (2017a). Democracy and media—Types of theories for means of mass communication. US China Law Review, 14 (6). pp. 363-376. ISSN 1548-6605, DOI: 10.17265/1548-6605/2017.06.003Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

- Stojanovska-Stefanova, A. Atanasoski, D. and Chacorovski, Z. (2017b). Influence of the politics of the freedom of the media. US China Law Review, 14 (5). ISSN 15486605, pg.311-320, DOI: 10.17265/1548-6605/2017.05.00Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

- UNESCO (2020) Journalism, 'Fake News' and Disinformation: A Handbook for Journalism Education and Trainin. Retreived from: https://en.unesco.org/fightfakenewsSearch in Google Scholar

- Council of Europe. (2020a). Mitigating a global health crisis while maintaining freedom of expression and information. Retrieved from: https://rm.coe.int/en-mitigating-a-global-health-crisis-while-maintaining-freedom-of-expr/16809e2d1eSearch in Google Scholar

- Council of Europe. (2020b). Freedom of expression and information in times of crisis. Retreived from: https://www.coe.int/en/web/freedom-expression/freedom-of-expression-and-information-in-times-of-crisisSearch in Google Scholar

- European Parliament (2020). The impact of coronavirus on media freedom. Retrieved from: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2020/651905/EPRS_BRI(2020)651905_EN.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

- European Convention on Human Rights. Retreived from: https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Convention_ENG.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

- CM/Del/Dec(2007)1005/5.3 (2007, October 1) Guidelines of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on protecting freedom of expression and information in times of crisis. Retrieved from: https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectID=09000016805ae60e#_blankSearch in Google Scholar

- JOIN (2018) 36 final. (2018, December 5). Action Plan Against Disinformation. Retreived from: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/eu-communication-disinformation-euco-05122018_en.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

- JOIN/2020/8 final. (2020, June 10). Tickling the coronavirus disinformation. European Commission. Retreived from: https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/health/coronavirus-response/fighting-disinformation/tackling-coronavirusdisinformation_enSearch in Google Scholar

- Joint statement of the Members of the European Council. (2020, March 26). Retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/43076/26-vc-euco-statement-en.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

- Situation Report 35. (2020, February 24). WHO Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19). Retreived from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200224-sitrep-35-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=1ac4218d_2Search in Google Scholar

- BBC (2020, February 7), Li Wenliang. Coronavirus kills Chinese whistleblower doctor. Retreived from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51403795Search in Google Scholar

- Bentzen, N. (2020, May 8) European Parliament. The impact of coronavirus on media freedom. Retrieved from: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=EPRS_BRI(2020)651905Search in Google Scholar

- Darmanin, J. (2020, March 27). The Corona Virus Facts global database has doubled in a week: Check out the latest hoaxes about COVID-19. Retrieved from: https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2020/the-coronavirusfacts-global-database-has-doubled-in-a-week-check-out-the-latest-hoaxes-about-covid-19/Search in Google Scholar

- Davis, S. (2020, April 8). This social media post on coronavirus is full of misinformation. Retreived from: https://www.euronews.com/2020/04/08/this-social-media-post-oncoronavirus-is-full-of-misinformation.Search in Google Scholar

- EEAS. (2020). European External Action Service. Retreived from: https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/76341/coronavirus-news-eu-action-team-europe-support-disinformation-repatriation-and-solidarity_enSearch in Google Scholar

- Krishan, M. (2020, May 14). Indian Muslims face renewed stigma amid COVID-19 crisis. Retrieved from: https://www.dw.com/en/indian-muslims-face-renewed-stigma-amid-covid-19-crisis/a-53436462.Search in Google Scholar

- Mak, T. (2020, March 16). Tech Companies Aim to Stop COVID-19 Disinformation. Retrieved from: https://www.npr.org/2020/03/16/816344301/tech-companies-aim-to-stop-covid-19-disinformation.Search in Google Scholar

- Nack, C. (2020, June 11). Coronavirus prompts EU to curb spread of disinformation. Retreived from: https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-prompts-eu-to-curb-spread-ofdisinformation/a-53778868.Search in Google Scholar

- OSCE. (2020, August). Media Freedom and Development. Retrieved from: https://www.osce.org/media-freedom-and-development.Search in Google Scholar

- Wilding, M. (2020, April 25) Fighting The Infodemic: How Fake News Is Making Coronavirus Even More Dangerous. Retrieved from: https://www.esquire.com/uk/life/a32237839/fake-news-coronavirus-covid-19-infodemic/Search in Google Scholar

- World Health Organisation. (2020). Infodemic management – Infodemiology. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/teams/risk-communication/infodemic-management.Search in Google Scholar

- World Press Freedom Index (2020). Entering a Decisive Decade for Journalism, Exacerbated by Coronavirus. Retrieved from: https://rsf.org/en/2020-world-press-freedom-index-entering-decisive-decade-journalism-exacerbated-coronavirusSearch in Google Scholar