<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<p>Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a functional renal failure that develops in patients with advanced hepatic cirrhosis with ascites and in those with fulminant hepatic failure. The prevalence of HRS varies among studies but in general it is the third most common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in cirrhotic patients after pre-renal azotemia and acute tubular necrosis. HRS carries a grim prognosis with a mortality rate approaching 90% three months after disease diagnosis. Fortunately, different strategies have been proven to be successful in preventing HRS. Although treatment options are available, they are not universally effective in restoring renal function but they might prolong survival long enough for liver transplantation, which is the ultimate treatment. Much has been learned in the last two decades regarding the pathophysiology and management of this disease which lead to notable evolution in the HRS definition and better understanding on how best to manage HRS patients. In the current review, we will summarize the recent advancement in epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of HRS.</p>
</abstract>

Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a functional renal failure that develops in patients with advanced hepatic cirrhosis with ascites and in those with fulminant hepatic failure. The prevalence of HRS varies among studies but in general it is the third most common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in cirrhotic patients after pre-renal azotemia and acute tubular necrosis. HRS carries a grim prognosis with a mortality rate approaching 90% three months after disease diagnosis. Fortunately, different strategies have been proven to be successful in preventing HRS. Although treatment options are available, they are not universally effective in restoring renal function but they might prolong survival long enough for liver transplantation, which is the ultimate treatment. Much has been learned in the last two decades regarding the pathophysiology and management of this disease which lead to notable evolution in the HRS definition and better understanding on how best to manage HRS patients. In the current review, we will summarize the recent advancement in epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of HRS.

Hepatorenal syndrome: pathophysiology and evidence-based management update

Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology

University of Florida College of Medicine

The University of Texas School of Public Health

Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology

Romanian Journal of Internal Medicine

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

{"article-title":"Hepatorenal syndrome: pathophysiology and evidence-based management update"}

Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a functional renal failure that develops in patients with advanced hepatic cirrhosis with ascites and in those with fulminant...

Hepatorenal syndrome: pathophysiology and evidence-based management update

Published Online: Aug 26, 2021

Page range: 227 - 261

Received: Jan 05, 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/rjim-2021-0006

Keywords
hepatorenal syndrome, epidemiology, pathophysiology, management

© 2021 Irtiza Hasan et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Hepatorenal syndrome: pathophysiology and evidence-based management update

Published Online: Aug 26, 2021

Page range: 227 - 261

Received: Jan 05, 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/rjim-2021-0006

Keywordshepatorenal syndrome, epidemiology, pathophysiology, management

© 2021 Irtiza Hasan et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Keywords
hepatorenal syndrome, epidemiology, pathophysiology, management