Etiology | Frequency |
---|---|
Atherosclerosis | 50% (19) |
Smoking | (19) |
Arterial hypertension | (19) |
Congenital:
bicuspid aortic valve aortic root dilation ventricular septal defect pulmonary stenosis |
20%-30% |
Inflammatory diseases:
Kawasaki disease Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) vasculitis Syphilitic aortitis Polyarteritis nodosa Takayasu disease Systemic lupus erythematosus Rheumatoid arthritis Systemic sclerosis Ehlers - Danlos Marfan syndrome |
10%-20% (10,19, 38, 67, 70, 71,136-140) |
Cardiac lymphoma | (141) |
Infectious:
mycotic Borreliosis Chlamydia pneumoniae |
(70, 142) |
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | (24) |
Genetic factors:
genetic DD polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme abnormal lipoprotein metabolism associated with familiar hypercholesterolemia member 1 of H subfamily of voltage-gated potassium channel (KCNH1) mutation of autophagia related 16 like 1 (ATG16L1) gene Matrix metalloproteinase allele 35A |
(19, 30, 113, 143-145) |
Cocaine usage | (146) |
Iatrogenic:
post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) coronary atherectomy laser angioplasty |
(25, 70) |
Type | Characteristics |
---|---|
Diffuse ectasia of 2 or 3 vessels | |
Diffuse ectasia in 1 vessel and localized disease in another | |
Diffuse ectasia of 1 vessel | |
Localized ectasia in 1 vessel |