Hematological Findings and Alteration of Oxidative Stress Markers in Hospitalized Patients with SARS-COV-2

1. COVID-19 Clinical Management: Living Guidance. World Health Organization. [online]. Website: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/ WHO-2019-nCoV-clinical-2021-1. Search in Google Scholar

2. Khan M, Khan H, Khan S et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cases at a screening clinic during the early outbreak period: a single-center study. J Med Microbiol. 2020; 69 (8): 1114–1123.10.1099/jmm.0.001231764297732783802 Search in Google Scholar

3. Delgado-Roche L, Mesta F. Oxidative stress as key player in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection. Arch Med Res. 2020; 51 (5): 384–387.10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.04.019719050132402576 Search in Google Scholar

4. Ito F, Sono Y, Ito T. Measurement and clinical significance of lipid peroxidation as a biomarker of oxidative stress: oxidative stress in diabetes, atherosclerosis, and chronic inflammation. Antioxidants. 2019; 8 (3): 72.10.3390/antiox8030072646657530934586 Search in Google Scholar

5. Zhang H, Penninger JM, Li Y et al.. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARSCoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target. Int Care Med. 2020; 46(4): 586-590.10.1007/s00134-020-05985-9707987932125455 Search in Google Scholar

6. Huertas A, Montani D, Savale L et al. Endothelial cell dysfunction: A major player in SARSCoV-2 infection (COVID-19)? Eur Res J. 2020; 56 (1) 2001634.10.1183/13993003.01634-2020730183532554538 Search in Google Scholar

7. Lippi G, Mattiuzzi C. Hemoglobin value may be decreased in patients with severe coronavirus disease. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther. 2019; 42(2): 116–117.10.1016/j.htct.2020.03.001712815432284281 Search in Google Scholar

8. Cavezzi A, Troiani E, Corrao S. COVID-19: hemoglobin, iron, and hypoxia beyond inflammation. A narrative review. Clin Pract. 2020; 28; 10 (2): 1271.10.4081/cp.2020.1271726781032509258 Search in Google Scholar

9. Gadotti AC, Lipinski AL, Vasconcellos FT et al. Susceptibility of the patients infected with Sars-Cov2 to oxidative stress and possible interplay with severity of the disease. Free Rad Biol Med. 2021; 165: 184–190.10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.044784646033524532 Search in Google Scholar

10. Ntyonga-Pono MP. COVID-19 infection and oxidative stress: an under-explored approach for prevention and treatment? Pan Afr Med J 2020; 29, 35(Suppl 2): 12.10.11604/pamj.supp.2020.35.2.22877 Search in Google Scholar

11. Loffredo L, Violi F. COVID-19 and cardiovascular injury: A role for oxidative stress and antioxidant treatment? Int J Cardiol. 2020; 1, 312: 136. Search in Google Scholar

12. Zhao X, Wang K, Zuo P et al. Early decrease in blood platelet count is associated with poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients-indications for predictive, preventive, and personalized medical approach. EPMA J. 2020; 14, 11(2): 1–7. Search in Google Scholar

13. Lippi G, Plebani M, Henry BM. Thrombocytopenia is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections: A meta-analysis. Clin Chim Acta. 2020; 506: 145–148.10.1016/j.cca.2020.03.022710266332178975 Search in Google Scholar

14. Long H, Nie L, Xiang X et al. D-Dimer and prothrombin time are the significant indicators of severe COVID-19 and poor prognosis. Biomed Res Int. 2020; 2020: 6159720.10.1155/2020/6159720730118832596339 Search in Google Scholar

15. Liu Y, Gao W, Guo W et al. Prominent coagulation disorder is closely related to inflammatory response and could be as a prognostic indicator for ICU patients with COVID-19. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2020; 50 (4): 825–832.10.1007/s11239-020-02174-9740897832761495 Search in Google Scholar

16. Li Y, Zhao K, Wei H et al. Dynamic relationship between D-dimer and COVID-19 severity. Br J Haematol. 2020; 190 (1): e24–e27.10.1111/bjh.16811727681932420615 Search in Google Scholar

17. Fu J, Kong J, Wang W et al. The clinical implication of dynamic neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and D-dimer in COVID-19: A retrospective study in Suzhou China. Thromb Res. 2020; 192: 3–8.10.1016/j.thromres.2020.05.006720124132407937 Search in Google Scholar

18. Peng J, Qi D, Yuan G et al. Diagnostic value of peripheral hematologic markers for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A multicenter, cross-sectional study. J Clin Lab Anal. 2020; 34(10): e23475.10.1002/jcla.23475740436832681559 Search in Google Scholar

19. Yang AP, Liu JP, Tao WQ et al. The diagnostic and predictive role of NLR, d-NLR and PLR in COVID-19 patients. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020; 84: 10650410.1016/j.intimp.2020.106504715292432304994 Search in Google Scholar

20. Seyit M, Avci E, Nar R et al. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, lymphocyte to monocyte ratio and platelet to lymphocyte ratio to predict the severity of COVID-19. Am J Emerg Med. 2021; 40: 110–114.10.1016/j.ajem.2020.11.058771928133309506 Search in Google Scholar

21. NI A. Reference Values of Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio, Platelet-Lymphocyte Ratio and Mean Platelet Volume in Healthy Adults in North Central Nigeria:. J Blood Lymph. 2016; 6: 1.10.4172/2165-7831.1000143 Search in Google Scholar

22. Terpos E, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Elalamy I et al. Hematological findings and complications of COVID-19. Am J Hematol. 2020; 95(7): 834–847.10.1002/ajh.25829726233732282949 Search in Google Scholar

23. Muhammad Y, Kani YA, Iliya S et al. Deficiency of antioxidants and increased oxidative stress in COVID-19 patients: A cross-sectional comparative study in Jigawa, Northwestern Nigeria. SAGE Open Med. 2021;9: 2050312121991246.10.1177/2050312121991246787128233614035 Search in Google Scholar

24. Pincemail J, Cavalier E, Charlier C et al. Oxidative Stress Status in COVID-19 Patients Hospitalized in Intensive Care Unit for Severe Pneumonia. A Pilot Study. Antioxidants 2021; 10: 257.10.3390/antiox10020257 Search in Google Scholar

25. Cekerevac I, Nikolic Turnic T, Draginic N et al. Predicting Severity and Intrahospital Mortality in COVID-19: The Place and Role of Oxidative Stress. Oxid Med Cell Long. 2021. 2021: 6615787.10.1155/2021/6615787 Search in Google Scholar

26. Xie J, Covassin N, Fan Z et al. “Association between hypoxemia and mortality in patients with COVID-19,” Mayo Clinic Proceedings, vol. 95, no. 6, pp. 1138–1147, 2020. Search in Google Scholar

27. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020; 395(10223): 497–506.10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5 Search in Google Scholar

28. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C et al.Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA 2020; 323(11): 1061–1069.10.1001/jama.2020.1585704288132031570 Search in Google Scholar

29. Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y et al. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med. 2020; 80(7): 934–943.10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994707050932167524 Search in Google Scholar

30. Xu H, Zhong L, Deng J et al. High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. Int J Oral Sci. 2020; 12(1):8.10.1038/s41368-020-0074-x703995632094336 Search in Google Scholar

31. Aggarwal S, Gollapudi S, Gupta S. Increased TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis in lymphocytes from aged humans: changes in TNF-alpha receptor expression and activation of caspases. J Immunol. 1999; 162(4): 2154–2161. Search in Google Scholar

32. Liao YC, Liang WG, Chen FW et al. IL-19 induces production of IL-6 and TNF-alpha and results in cell apoptosis through TNF-alpha. J Immunol. 2002; 169(8): 4288–4297.10.4049/jimmunol.169.8.428812370360 Search in Google Scholar

33. Schönrich G, Raftery MJ, Samstag Y. Devilishly radical NETwork in COVID-19: Oxidative stress, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and T cell suppression. Adv Biol Regul. 2020; 77:100741.10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100741733465932773102 Search in Google Scholar

34. Imran MM, Ahmad U, Usman U et al. Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio-A marker of COVID-19 pneumonia severity. Int J Clin Pract. 2021; 75(4): e13698.10.1111/ijcp.1369832892477 Search in Google Scholar

35. Cheng B, Hu J, Zuo X et al. Predictors of progression from moderate to severe coronavirus disease 2019: a retrospective cohort. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020; 26(10): 1400–1405.10.1016/j.cmi.2020.06.033733155632622952 Search in Google Scholar

36. Chan AS, Rout A. Use of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte and Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratios in COVID-19. J Clin Med Res. 2020; 12(7): 448–453.10.14740/jocmr4240 Search in Google Scholar

37. He X, Yao F, Chen J et al. The poor prognosis and influencing factors of high D-dimer levels for COVID-19 patients. Sci Rep. 2021; 11(1): 1830.10.1038/s41598-021-81300-w Search in Google Scholar

38. Naymagon L, Zubizarreta N, Feld J, et al. Admission D-dimer levels, D-dimer trends, and outcomes in COVID-19. Thromb Res. 2020; 196: 99–105.10.1016/j.thromres.2020.08.032 Search in Google Scholar

39. Deng Y, Liu W, Liu K et al. Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study. Chin Med J. 2020; 133(11): 1261–1267.10.1097/CM9.0000000000000824 Search in Google Scholar

40. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2020; 28, 395(10229): 1054 –1062.10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3 Search in Google Scholar

41. Tang N, Li D, Wang X, Sun Z. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020; 18(4): 844–847.10.1111/jth.14768716650932073213 Search in Google Scholar