[1. Fejerskov O, Nyvad B, Kidd EAM. Clinical and histological manifestations of dental caries. In Fejerskov O, Kidd EAM, editors. Dental Caries. The disease and its clinical management. Copenhagen: Blackwell Munksgaard. 2003; pp. 71–99.]Search in Google Scholar
[2. Joshua A, Chapman W, Eugene R, Eckert GJ, Kula KS, González-Cabezas C. Risk factors for incidence and severity of white spot lesions during treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010; 138: 188–94.10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.10.019]Search in Google Scholar
[3. Tufekci E, Dixon JS, Gunsolley JC, Lindauer SJ. Prevalence of white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Angle Orthod. 2011; 81: 206–10.10.2319/051710-262.1]Search in Google Scholar
[4. Mizrahi E. Enamel demineralization following ortho dontic treatment. Am J Orthod. 1982; 82: 62–7.10.1016/0002-9416(82)90548-6]Search in Google Scholar
[5. Arends J. Orthodontic appliances and enamel demineralization. Part 1. Lesion development. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1988; 94: 68–73.]Search in Google Scholar
[6. Adebayo OA, Burrow MF, Tyas MJ. Bond strength test: role of operator skill. Aust Dental J. 2008; 53: 145–50.10.1111/j.1834-7819.2008.00024.x]Search in Google Scholar
[7. Mitchell L. Decalcification during orthodontic treat ment with fixed appliances-an overview. Br J Orthod. 1992; 19: 199–205.10.1179/bjo.19.3.199]Search in Google Scholar
[8. Gorelick L, Geiger AM, Gwinnet AJ. Incidence of white spot formation after bonding and banding. Am J Orthod. 1982; 81: 93–8.10.1016/0002-9416(82)90032-X]Search in Google Scholar
[9. Boersma JG, van der Veen MH, Lagerweij MD, Bokhout B. Caries prevalence measured with QLF after treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances: influencing factors. Caries Res. 2005; 39: 41–7.10.1159/00008165515591733]Search in Google Scholar
[10. Øgaard B, Bishara SE, Duschner H. Enamel effects during bonding-debonding and treatment with fixed appliances. In: Graber TM, Eliades T, Athanasiou AE: Risk Management in Orthodontics: Experts Guide to Malpractice. Hanover Park, IL, Quintessence. 2004; 19–46.]Search in Google Scholar
[11. Lundstrom F, Krasse B. Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli frequency in orthodontic patients: the effect of chlorhexidine treatments. Eur J Orthod. 1987; 9: 109–16.10.1093/ejo/9.2.1093472888]Search in Google Scholar
[12. Mattoush TJ, van der Veen MH, Zentner A. Caries lesions after orthodontic treatment followed by quan titative light fluorescence: a 2-year follow-up. Eur J Orthod. 2007; 9: 294–8.10.1093/ejo/cjm00817483494]Search in Google Scholar
[13. Ardu S, Castioni, Benbachir N, Krejci I. Minimally invasive treatment of white spot enamel lesions. Quintessence Int. 2007; 38: 633–6.]Search in Google Scholar
[14. Corry A, Millett DT, Creanor SL, Foye RH, Gilmour WH. Effect of fluoride exposure on cariostatic poten tial of orthodontic bonding agents: an in vitro eva luation. J Orthod. 2003; 30: 323–9.10.1093/ortho/30.4.32314634171]Search in Google Scholar
[15. Harvey WJ, Powell KR. Care of dental enamel for the orthodontic patient. Aust Orthod J. 1981; 7: 70–6.]Search in Google Scholar
[16. Zabokova-Bilbilova E, Sotirovska-Ivkovska A, Stefanovska E: The Importance of Proper Oral Hygiene in Patients Undergoing Treatment with Fixed Orthodon tic Appliances. Balk J of Stom. 2013; 17(3): 138–43.]Search in Google Scholar
[17. Øgaard B, Rolla G, Øgaard B. Oral microbiological changes, long-term enamel alterations due to decalci-fication, and caries prophylactic aspects, in Brantley WA, Eliades T, eds: Orthodontic Materials: Scientific and Clinical Aspects. Stuttgart, Thieme. 2001; 123–142.]Search in Google Scholar
[18. Freeman JE, Shannon IL. Addition of stannous fluo ride to acid etchant in direct bonding procedures. Intern J Orthod. 1981; 19: 13–17.]Search in Google Scholar
[19. Cehreli Z C, Kecik D, Kocadereli I. Effect of selfetching primer and adhesive formulations on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005; 127: 573–9.10.1016/j.ajodo.2003.12.027]Search in Google Scholar
[20. Garcia-Godoy F. Shear bond strength of a resin composite to enamel treated with an APF gel. Pediatric Dentistry. 1993; 15(4): 272–4.]Search in Google Scholar
[21. Davidson CL, Bekke-Hoekstra IS. The resistance of superficially sealed enamel to wear and carious attack in vitro. J Oral Rehabilitation. 1980; 7: 299–305.10.1111/j.1365-2842.1980.tb00448.x]Search in Google Scholar
[22. Heinig N, Hartmann A. Efficacy of a sealant: study on the efficacy of a sealant (Light Bond) in preve nting decalcification during multibracket therapy. J Orofacial Orthop. 2008; 69: 154–67.10.1007/s00056-008-0741-6]Search in Google Scholar
[23. Kitasako Y, Burrow MF, Nikaido T, Tagami J. The influence of storage solution on dentin bond durabi lity of resin cement. J Dentistry. 2000; 16: 1–6.]Search in Google Scholar
[24. Shungin D, Olsson AI, Persson M. Orthodontic treat ment-related white spot lesions: a 14-year prospective quantitative follow-up, including bonding mate rial assessment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010; 138: 136–8.10.1016/j.ajodo.2010.04.001]Search in Google Scholar
[25. Benson PE, Pender N, Higham SM. Quantifying ena mel demineralization from teeth with orthodontic brackets – a comparison of two methods. Part 2: vali dity. Eur J Orthod. 2003; 25: 159–65.10.1093/ejo/25.2.159]Search in Google Scholar
[26. Hirschfield RE. Control of decalcification by use of fluoride mouth rinse. ASDC J Dent Child. 1978; 45: 458–60.]Search in Google Scholar
[27. Geiger AM, Gorelick L, Gwinnett AJ, Griswold PG. The effect of a fluoride program on white spot for mation during orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1988; 93(1): 29–37.10.1016/0889-5406(88)90190-4]Search in Google Scholar
[28. Chadwick BL, Roy J, Knox J, Treasure ET. The effect of topical fluorides on decalfication in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances: a systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005; 128: 601–6.10.1016/j.ajodo.2004.07.049]Search in Google Scholar
[29. Gwinnett AJ, Buonocore MG, Sheykoleslam Z. Effect of fluoride on etched human and bovine tooth enamel surfaces as demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy. Arch Oral Biology. 1972; 17: 271–8.10.1016/0003-9969(72)90210-5]Search in Google Scholar
[30. Adriaens ML, Dermaut LR, Verbeeck MH. The use of “Fluor Protector”, a fluoride varnish, as a caries prevention method under orthodontic molar bands. Eur J Orthod. 1990; 2: 316–19.10.1093/ejo/12.3.3162401340]Search in Google Scholar
[31. Azarpazhooh A, Limeback H. Clinical efficacy of casein derivatives: a systematic review of the lite rature. J Am Dental Association. 2008; 139: 915–24.10.14219/jada.archive.2008.027818594077]Search in Google Scholar
[32. Vivaldi-Rodrigues G, Demito CF, Bowman SJ, Ramos AL. The effectiveness of a fluoride varnish in preventing the development of white spot lesions. World J Orthod. 2006; 7: 138–44.]Search in Google Scholar
[33. Demito CF, Rodrigues GV, Ramos AL, Bowman SJ. Efficacy of a fluoride varnish in preventing whitespot lesions as measured with laser fluorescence. J Clin Orthod. 2011; 45: 25–9.]Search in Google Scholar
[34. Zabokova-Bilbilova E, Bajraktarova B, Sotirovska-Ivkovska A, Georgiev Z: Dental enamel around fixed orthodontic appliances after fluoride varnish application. Acta morphologica. 2012; Vol. 9(1): 45–9.]Search in Google Scholar
[35. Reynolds EC. Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous cal cium phosphate: the scientific evidence. Adv Dent Res. 2009; 21: 25–9.10.1177/089593740933561919717407]Search in Google Scholar
[36. Shen P, Cai F, Nowicki A, Vincent J, Reynolds EC. Remineralization of enamel subsurface lesions by su gar-free chewing gum containing casein phosphor-peptide-amorphous calcium phosphate. J Dent Res. 2001; 80(12): 2066–70.10.1177/0022034501080012080111808763]Search in Google Scholar
[37. Cross KJ, Huq NL, Stanton DP, Sum M, Reynolds EC. NMR studies of a novel calcium, phosphate and fluoride delivery vehicle – (S1) – casein (59–79) sta bilized amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate nano-complexes. Biomaterials. 2004; 25: 5061–9.10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.01.04515109869]Search in Google Scholar
[38. Iijima Y, Cai F, Shen P, Walker G, Reynolds C, Rey nolds EC. Acid resistance of enamel subsurface lesi ons remineralized by a sugar-free chewing gum con taining casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate. Caries Res. 2004; 38: 551–6.10.1159/00008058515528910]Search in Google Scholar
[39. Kecik D, Cehreli SB, Sar C, Unver B. Effect of aci dulated phosphate fluoride and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate application on shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets. Angle Orthod. 2008; 78: 129–33.10.2319/122506-529.118193975]Search in Google Scholar
[40. Uysal T, Amasyali M, Ozcan S, Koyuturk AE, Akyol M, Sagdic D. In vivo effects of amorphous calcium phosphate-containing orthodontic composite on ena mel demineralization around orthodontic brackets. Aust Dent J. 2010; 55: 285–91.10.1111/j.1834-7819.2010.01236.x20887516]Search in Google Scholar
[41. Ellwood R, Fejerskov O, Cury JA, Clarkson J. Fluo rides in caries control. In Fejerskov O, Kidd E. Den tal caries. The disease and its clinical management. Oxford: Blackwell Munksgaard. 2008; 287–327.]Search in Google Scholar
[42. Andersson A, Skold-Larsson K, Hallgren A, Petersson LG, Twetman S. Effect of a dental cream con taining amorphous cream phosphate complexes on white spot lesion regression assessed by laser fluores cence. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2007; 5: 229–33.]Search in Google Scholar
[43. Featherstone JD. The science and practice of caries prevention. J Am Dent Assoc. 2000; 131: 887–99.10.14219/jada.archive.2000.030710916327]Search in Google Scholar
[44. Mota SM, Enoki C, Ito IY, Elias AM, Matsumoto MA. Streptococcus mutans counts in plaque adjacent to orthodontic brackets bonded with resin-modified glass ionomer cement or resin-based composite. Braz Oral Res. 2008; 22: 55–60.10.1590/S1806-83242008000100010]Search in Google Scholar
[45. Willmot DR. White spot lesions after orthodontic treatment. Semin Orthod. 2008; 14: 209–19.10.1053/j.sodo.2008.03.006]Search in Google Scholar
[46. Bailey DL, Adams GG, Tsao CE. Regression of postorthodontic lesions by a remineralizing cream. J Dent Res. 2009; 88(12): 1148–53.10.1177/002203450934716819887683]Search in Google Scholar
[47. Beerens MW, van der Veen MH, van Beek H, ten Cate JM. Effects of casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate paste on white spot lesi ons and dental plaque after orthodontic treatment: a 3-month follow-up. Eur J Oral Sci. 2010; 118: 610–17.10.1111/j.1600-0722.2010.00780.x21083623]Search in Google Scholar
[48. Br¨chner A, Christensen C, Kristensen B. Treatment of post-orthodontic white spot lesions with casein phosphopeptide-stabilised amorphous calcium pho sphate. Clin Oral Investig. 2011; 15: 369–73.10.1007/s00784-010-0401-220383545]Search in Google Scholar
[49. Kumar VLN, Itthagarun A, King NM. The effect of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate on remineralization of artificial caries-like lesions: an in vitro study. Aust Dental J. 2008; 53: 34–40.10.1111/j.1834-7819.2007.00006.x18304239]Search in Google Scholar
[50. Nyvad B. The role of oral hygiene. In Fejerskov O, Kidd E. Dental caries. The disease and its clinical mana gement. Oxford: Blackwell Munksgaard. 2008; 257–64.]Search in Google Scholar
[51. Sudjalim TR, Woods MG, Manton DJ. Prevention of white spot lesions in orthodontic practice: a contem porary review. Aust Dent J. 2006; 51: 284–9.10.1111/j.1834-7819.2006.tb00445.x17256301]Search in Google Scholar